What's wrong with this code? (UnboundLocalError: local variable referenced before assignment)
Hi there! I'm quite new to programming, even newer in python (this is actually the first thing I try on it), and every other topic I've seen on forums about my problem doesn't seem to help. So, the following lines are intended to draw a white square (which it does), turn it to blue when you click on it, and back to white when you click on it again (and so on). Here's what I wrote (python 3 syntax): from tkinter import * root = Tk() root.geometry(500x500) w = Canvas(root, width=500, height=500) w.pack() coords = (x1, y1, x2, y2) = (100, 100, 200, 200) rect = w.create_rectangle(coords, fill=white) isWhite = True def change(event): if event.x x1 and event.x x2 and event.y y1 and event.y y2: if isWhite: w.itemconfig(rect, fill=blue) isWhite = False else: w.itemconfig(rect, fill=white) isWhite = True w.bind(Button-1, change) root.mainloop() The problem occurs when clicking on the white square. The following error appears: if isWhite: UnboundLocalError: local variable 'isWhite' referenced before assignment However, the isWhite variable is clearly defined at True a few lines before. Also, if I remove the lines that change isWhite to False if it's True and viceversa, the program doesn't throw any error, but obviously doesn't do what I want it to do (it only changes the square color once, as isWhite stays set to True). What can the problem be? I'm sure it's something really simple, but I don't get it... Thank's! -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: What's wrong with this code? (UnboundLocalError: local variable referenced before assignment)
Just before anyone says, the reason I bind to the Canvas instead of binding directly to the rectangle is because I plan to add more squares in the future. Cheers. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: What's wrong with this code? (UnboundLocalError: local variable referenced before assignment)
pablobarhamal...@gmail.com wrote: Hi there! I'm quite new to programming, even newer in python (this is actually the first thing I try on it), and every other topic I've seen on forums about my problem doesn't seem to help. So, the following lines are intended to draw a white square (which it does), turn it to blue when you click on it, and back to white when you click on it again (and so on). Here's what I wrote (python 3 syntax): from tkinter import * root = Tk() root.geometry(500x500) w = Canvas(root, width=500, height=500) w.pack() coords = (x1, y1, x2, y2) = (100, 100, 200, 200) rect = w.create_rectangle(coords, fill=white) isWhite = True def change(event): if event.x x1 and event.x x2 and event.y y1 and event.y y2: if isWhite: w.itemconfig(rect, fill=blue) isWhite = False else: w.itemconfig(rect, fill=white) isWhite = True w.bind(Button-1, change) root.mainloop() The problem occurs when clicking on the white square. The following error appears: if isWhite: UnboundLocalError: local variable 'isWhite' referenced before assignment However, the isWhite variable is clearly defined at True a few lines before. Also, if I remove the lines that change isWhite to False if it's True and viceversa, the program doesn't throw any error, but obviously doesn't do what I want it to do (it only changes the square color once, as isWhite stays set to True). What can the problem be? I'm sure it's something really simple, but I don't get it... Thank's! Python statically determines the scope of a variable -- if you rebind a name it assumes that the variable is local: def f(): ... print is_white ... is_white = 42 ... f() Traceback (most recent call last): File stdin, line 1, in module File stdin, line 2, in f UnboundLocalError: local variable 'is_white' referenced before assignment The fix is to tell Python that you want to access the global variable: def f(): ... global is_white ... print is_white ... is_white = 42 ... is_white = whatever f() whatever f() 42 -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: What's wrong with this code? (UnboundLocalError: local variable referenced before assignment)
Op 24-06-13 21:47, pablobarhamal...@gmail.com schreef: Hi there! I'm quite new to programming, even newer in python (this is actually the first thing I try on it), and every other topic I've seen on forums about my problem doesn't seem to help. So, the following lines are intended to draw a white square (which it does), turn it to blue when you click on it, and back to white when you click on it again (and so on). Here's what I wrote (python 3 syntax): from tkinter import * root = Tk() root.geometry(500x500) w = Canvas(root, width=500, height=500) w.pack() coords = (x1, y1, x2, y2) = (100, 100, 200, 200) rect = w.create_rectangle(coords, fill=white) isWhite = True def change(event): if event.x x1 and event.x x2 and event.y y1 and event.y y2: if isWhite: w.itemconfig(rect, fill=blue) isWhite = False else: w.itemconfig(rect, fill=white) isWhite = True w.bind(Button-1, change) root.mainloop() The problem occurs when clicking on the white square. The following error appears: if isWhite: UnboundLocalError: local variable 'isWhite' referenced before assignment However, the isWhite variable is clearly defined at True a few lines before. No it is not. In Python, when you assign to a variable within a function, that variable will be treated as a local variable. If you have a global variable with the same name, that global variable will just for the duration of the function become inaccessible. The quick solution in this case is to include a global statement. Something like def change(event) global isWhite ... -- Antoon Pardon -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: What's wrong with this code? (UnboundLocalError: local variable referenced before assignment)
In b3d3518a-f24a-4c32-a41a-b99145753...@googlegroups.com pablobarhamal...@gmail.com writes: isWhite = True def change(event): if event.x x1 and event.x x2 and event.y y1 and event.y y2: if isWhite: w.itemconfig(rect, fill=blue) isWhite = False else: w.itemconfig(rect, fill=white) isWhite = True w.bind(Button-1, change) root.mainloop() The problem occurs when clicking on the white square. The following error appears: if isWhite: UnboundLocalError: local variable 'isWhite' referenced before assignment However, the isWhite variable is clearly defined at True a few lines before. Since you're new to programming, this might be a bit tricky to explain, but I'll do my best. :-) The problem is that change() isn't being executed here; instead it's being executed from within root.mainloop(), whenever the user presses button-1. And within root.mainloop(), there is no variable called isWhite. -- John Gordon A is for Amy, who fell down the stairs gor...@panix.com B is for Basil, assaulted by bears -- Edward Gorey, The Gashlycrumb Tinies -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: What's wrong with this code? (UnboundLocalError: local variable referenced before assignment)
Thank's to you all! Setting isWhite as global worked fine. I'll probably be back soon with another silly question, see you then :) -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: What's wrong with this code? (UnboundLocalError: local variable referenced before assignment)
Here's a little test to make sure you understand (this is one of the most confusing parts of Python's closures in my opinion): foo = I'm foo! def working(): print(foo) def broken(): print(foo) if False: # There's no way this could cause a problem! foo = This will *never* happen -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: What's wrong with this code? (UnboundLocalError: local variable referenced before assignment)
On 24 June 2013 21:12, John Gordon gor...@panix.com wrote: Since you're new to programming, this might be a bit tricky to explain, but I'll do my best. :-) The problem is that change() isn't being executed here; instead it's being executed from within root.mainloop(), whenever the user presses button-1. And within root.mainloop(), there is no variable called isWhite. Sorry, but I don't think you're right. Functions carry their contexts around with them, so that shouldn't matter (See Peter and Antoon's comments for explanation of what I think it is) -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: What's wrong with this code? (UnboundLocalError: local variable referenced before assignment)
On 24 June 2013 21:19, pablobarhamal...@gmail.com wrote: Thank's to you all! Setting isWhite as global worked fine. I'll probably be back soon with another silly question, see you then :) By the way, it's normally bad to use globals like this. When you're learning it's something you just do, though; it's fine for now. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: What's wrong with this code? (UnboundLocalError: local variable referenced before assignment)
On 06/24/2013 04:12 PM, John Gordon wrote: In b3d3518a-f24a-4c32-a41a-b99145753...@googlegroups.com pablobarhamal...@gmail.com writes: isWhite = True def change(event): if event.x x1 and event.x x2 and event.y y1 and event.y y2: if isWhite: w.itemconfig(rect, fill=blue) isWhite = False else: w.itemconfig(rect, fill=white) isWhite = True w.bind(Button-1, change) root.mainloop() The problem occurs when clicking on the white square. The following error appears: if isWhite: UnboundLocalError: local variable 'isWhite' referenced before assignment However, the isWhite variable is clearly defined at True a few lines before. Since you're new to programming, this might be a bit tricky to explain, but I'll do my best. :-) The problem is that change() isn't being executed here; instead it's being executed from within root.mainloop(), whenever the user presses button-1. And within root.mainloop(), there is no variable called isWhite. Actually that's irrelevant. Whether or not there's one global with the same name, or twenty-three object attributes with the same name, the fact that there's a binding of the local makes that name a local. The only way to avoid that is not to bind, or to use global or nonlocal declarations. Pablo: Global variables are generally frowned upon, unless they're constant. If they're constant, use ALLCAPS to indicate that. Since this is not, it would normally be an attribute of some object, in your case, possibly the object w. And of course, w should have been an argument to the function as well, since you're operating on it. But you may be stuck with that, because of tkinter's design. Anyway, you can assign w.isWhite = True and access if w.isWhite with impunity, since w is not being bound inside the function. When you need to pass extra arguments that the event model doesn't allow for, one approach is to use functools.partial(). And it's also possible that there's a method (in tkinter) on event that let's you find the object that it's acting upon, w. In this case, you could avoid needing a global at all, which would be a big improvement. Especially when you decide to have multiple such boxes, and want each to be able to toggle colors independently. -- DaveA -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: What's wrong with this code? (UnboundLocalError: local variable referenced before assignment)
In mailman.3767.1372106609.3114.python-l...@python.org Dave Angel da...@davea.name writes: The problem is that change() isn't being executed here; instead it's being executed from within root.mainloop(), whenever the user presses button-1. And within root.mainloop(), there is no variable called isWhite. Actually that's irrelevant. Whether or not there's one global with the same name, or twenty-three object attributes with the same name, the fact that there's a binding of the local makes that name a local. The only way to avoid that is not to bind, or to use global or nonlocal declarations. Quite right. I should have verified my answer before posting. Thanks for setting me straight. :-) -- John Gordon A is for Amy, who fell down the stairs gor...@panix.com B is for Basil, assaulted by bears -- Edward Gorey, The Gashlycrumb Tinies -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
