Re: [R] minimization function
Hi, thank you very much for the reply! Consider minimize quadratic form w'Aw with A be the following matrix. Dmat/2 [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 1.0 0.5 0.8 [2,] 0.5 1.0 0.9 [3,] 0.8 0.9 1.0 I need to find w=(w1,w2,w3), a 3 by 1 vector, such that sum(w)=3, and wi=0 for all i. Below is the code I wrote, using the function solve.QP , however, the solution for w still have a negtive component. Can some one give me some suggestions? Thank you very much! x - 2*c(1,0.5,0.8,0.5,1,0.9, 0.8,0.9,1) Dmat - matrix(x, byrow=T, nrow=3, ncol=3) dvec - numeric(3) Amat - matrix(0,3,4) Amat[,1 ] - c(1,1,1) Amat[,2:4 ]- t(diag(3)) bvec - c(3,0,0,0) solve.QP(Dmat,dvec,Amat,bvec=bvec) $solution [1] 1.50e+00 1.50e+00 -8.881784e-16 $value [1] 6.75 $unconstrained.solution [1] 0 0 0 $iterations [1] 3 0 $Lagrangian [1] 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.6 $iact [1] 1 4 2010/4/10 Gabor Grothendieck ggrothendi...@gmail.com Check out the quadprog package. On Sat, Apr 10, 2010 at 5:36 PM, li li hannah@gmail.com wrote: Hi, thanks for the reply. A will be a given matrix satisfying condition 1. I want to find the vector w that minimizes the quadratic form. w satisfies condition 2. 2010/4/10 Paul Smith phh...@gmail.com On Sat, Apr 10, 2010 at 5:13 PM, Paul Smith phh...@gmail.com wrote: I am trying to minimize the quardratic form w'Aw, with certain constraints. In particular, (1) A=(a_{ij}) is n by n matrix and it is symmetric positive definite, a_{ii}=1 for all i; and 0a_{ij}1 for i not equal j. (2) w'1=n; (3) w_{i}=0 Analytically, for n=2, it is easy to come up with a result. For larger n, it seems difficult to obtain the result. Does any one know whether it is possible to use R to numerically compute it? And your decision variables are? Both w[i] and a[i,j] ? In addition, what do you mean by larger n? n = 20 is already large (in your sense)? Paul __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.htmlhttp://www.r-project.org/posting-guide.html http://www.r-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. [[alternative HTML version deleted]] __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.htmlhttp://www.r-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. [[alternative HTML version deleted]] __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
Re: [R] minimization function
Add meq=1 to the arguments. On Sun, Apr 11, 2010 at 9:50 AM, li li hannah@gmail.com wrote: Hi, thank you very much for the reply! Consider minimize quadratic form w'Aw with A be the following matrix. Dmat/2 [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 1.0 0.5 0.8 [2,] 0.5 1.0 0.9 [3,] 0.8 0.9 1.0 I need to find w=(w1,w2,w3), a 3 by 1 vector, such that sum(w)=3, and wi=0 for all i. Below is the code I wrote, using the function solve.QP , however, the solution for w still have a negtive component. Can some one give me some suggestions? Thank you very much! x - 2*c(1,0.5,0.8,0.5,1,0.9, 0.8,0.9,1) Dmat - matrix(x, byrow=T, nrow=3, ncol=3) dvec - numeric(3) Amat - matrix(0,3,4) Amat[,1 ] - c(1,1,1) Amat[,2:4 ]- t(diag(3)) bvec - c(3,0,0,0) solve.QP(Dmat,dvec,Amat,bvec=bvec) $solution [1] 1.50e+00 1.50e+00 -8.881784e-16 $value [1] 6.75 $unconstrained.solution [1] 0 0 0 $iterations [1] 3 0 $Lagrangian [1] 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.6 $iact [1] 1 4 2010/4/10 Gabor Grothendieck ggrothendi...@gmail.com Check out the quadprog package. On Sat, Apr 10, 2010 at 5:36 PM, li li hannah@gmail.com wrote: Hi, thanks for the reply. A will be a given matrix satisfying condition 1. I want to find the vector w that minimizes the quadratic form. w satisfies condition 2. 2010/4/10 Paul Smith phh...@gmail.com On Sat, Apr 10, 2010 at 5:13 PM, Paul Smith phh...@gmail.com wrote: I am trying to minimize the quardratic form w'Aw, with certain constraints. In particular, (1) A=(a_{ij}) is n by n matrix and it is symmetric positive definite, a_{ii}=1 for all i; and 0a_{ij}1 for i not equal j. (2) w'1=n; (3) w_{i}=0 Analytically, for n=2, it is easy to come up with a result. For larger n, it seems difficult to obtain the result. Does any one know whether it is possible to use R to numerically compute it? And your decision variables are? Both w[i] and a[i,j] ? In addition, what do you mean by larger n? n = 20 is already large (in your sense)? Paul __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.htmlhttp://www.r-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. [[alternative HTML version deleted]] __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
Re: [R] minimization function
Hi, thanks! I added meq=1 and it did not seem to work. The result is the same as before. x - 2*c(1,0.5,0.8,0.5,1,0.9, 0.8,0.9,1) Dmat - matrix(x, byrow=T, nrow=3, ncol=3) dvec - numeric(3) Amat - matrix(0,3,4) Amat[,1 ] - c(1,1,1) Amat[,2:4 ]- t(diag(3)) bvec - c(3,0,0,0) solve.QP(Dmat,dvec,Amat,bvec=bvec, meq=1) $solution [1] 1.50e+00 1.50e+00 -8.881784e-16 $value [1] 6.75 $unconstrained.solution [1] 0 0 0 $iterations [1] 3 0 $Lagrangian [1] 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.6 $iact [1] 1 4 2010/4/11 Gabor Grothendieck ggrothendi...@gmail.com Add meq=1 to the arguments. On Sun, Apr 11, 2010 at 9:50 AM, li li hannah@gmail.com wrote: Hi, thank you very much for the reply! Consider minimize quadratic form w'Aw with A be the following matrix. Dmat/2 [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 1.0 0.5 0.8 [2,] 0.5 1.0 0.9 [3,] 0.8 0.9 1.0 I need to find w=(w1,w2,w3), a 3 by 1 vector, such that sum(w)=3, and wi=0 for all i. Below is the code I wrote, using the function solve.QP , however, the solution for w still have a negtive component. Can some one give me some suggestions? Thank you very much! x - 2*c(1,0.5,0.8,0.5,1,0.9, 0.8,0.9,1) Dmat - matrix(x, byrow=T, nrow=3, ncol=3) dvec - numeric(3) Amat - matrix(0,3,4) Amat[,1 ] - c(1,1,1) Amat[,2:4 ]- t(diag(3)) bvec - c(3,0,0,0) solve.QP(Dmat,dvec,Amat,bvec=bvec) $solution [1] 1.50e+00 1.50e+00 -8.881784e-16 $value [1] 6.75 $unconstrained.solution [1] 0 0 0 $iterations [1] 3 0 $Lagrangian [1] 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.6 $iact [1] 1 4 2010/4/10 Gabor Grothendieck ggrothendi...@gmail.com Check out the quadprog package. On Sat, Apr 10, 2010 at 5:36 PM, li li hannah@gmail.com wrote: Hi, thanks for the reply. A will be a given matrix satisfying condition 1. I want to find the vector w that minimizes the quadratic form. w satisfies condition 2. 2010/4/10 Paul Smith phh...@gmail.com On Sat, Apr 10, 2010 at 5:13 PM, Paul Smith phh...@gmail.com wrote: I am trying to minimize the quardratic form w'Aw, with certain constraints. In particular, (1) A=(a_{ij}) is n by n matrix and it is symmetric positive definite, a_{ii}=1 for all i; and 0a_{ij}1 for i not equal j. (2) w'1=n; (3) w_{i}=0 Analytically, for n=2, it is easy to come up with a result. For larger n, it seems difficult to obtain the result. Does any one know whether it is possible to use R to numerically compute it? And your decision variables are? Both w[i] and a[i,j] ? In addition, what do you mean by larger n? n = 20 is already large (in your sense)? Paul __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.htmlhttp://www.r-project.org/posting-guide.html http://www.r-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. [[alternative HTML version deleted]] __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.htmlhttp://www.r-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. [[alternative HTML version deleted]] __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
Re: [R] minimization function
You have merely found a little used entry point into Circle 1 of 'The R Inferno'. The third element of your answer is zero to the precision of the QP algorithm. So it is obeying the non-negative constraints that you put on the problem to the best of its ability. You should not expect numerical exactness. You might consider using the 'zapsmall' function on your 'w' vector. On 11/04/2010 16:31, li li wrote: Hi, thanks! I added meq=1 and it did not seem to work. The result is the same as before. x- 2*c(1,0.5,0.8,0.5,1,0.9, 0.8,0.9,1) Dmat- matrix(x, byrow=T, nrow=3, ncol=3) dvec- numeric(3) Amat- matrix(0,3,4) Amat[,1 ]- c(1,1,1) Amat[,2:4 ]- t(diag(3)) bvec- c(3,0,0,0) solve.QP(Dmat,dvec,Amat,bvec=bvec, meq=1) $solution [1] 1.50e+00 1.50e+00 -8.881784e-16 $value [1] 6.75 $unconstrained.solution [1] 0 0 0 $iterations [1] 3 0 $Lagrangian [1] 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.6 $iact [1] 1 4 2010/4/11 Gabor Grothendieckggrothendi...@gmail.com Add meq=1 to the arguments. On Sun, Apr 11, 2010 at 9:50 AM, li lihannah@gmail.com wrote: Hi, thank you very much for the reply! Consider minimize quadratic form w'Aw with A be the following matrix. Dmat/2 [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 1.0 0.5 0.8 [2,] 0.5 1.0 0.9 [3,] 0.8 0.9 1.0 I need to find w=(w1,w2,w3), a 3 by 1 vector, such that sum(w)=3, and wi=0 for all i. Below is the code I wrote, using the function solve.QP , however, the solution for w still have a negtive component. Can some one give me some suggestions? Thank you very much! x- 2*c(1,0.5,0.8,0.5,1,0.9, 0.8,0.9,1) Dmat- matrix(x, byrow=T, nrow=3, ncol=3) dvec- numeric(3) Amat- matrix(0,3,4) Amat[,1 ]- c(1,1,1) Amat[,2:4 ]- t(diag(3)) bvec- c(3,0,0,0) solve.QP(Dmat,dvec,Amat,bvec=bvec) $solution [1] 1.50e+00 1.50e+00 -8.881784e-16 $value [1] 6.75 $unconstrained.solution [1] 0 0 0 $iterations [1] 3 0 $Lagrangian [1] 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.6 $iact [1] 1 4 2010/4/10 Gabor Grothendieckggrothendi...@gmail.com Check out the quadprog package. On Sat, Apr 10, 2010 at 5:36 PM, li lihannah@gmail.com wrote: Hi, thanks for the reply. A will be a given matrix satisfying condition 1. I want to find the vector w that minimizes the quadratic form. w satisfies condition 2. 2010/4/10 Paul Smithphh...@gmail.com On Sat, Apr 10, 2010 at 5:13 PM, Paul Smithphh...@gmail.com wrote: I am trying to minimize the quardratic form w'Aw, with certain constraints. In particular, (1) A=(a_{ij}) is n by n matrix and it is symmetric positive definite, a_{ii}=1 for all i; and 0a_{ij}1 for i not equal j. (2) w'1=n; (3) w_{i}=0 Analytically, for n=2, it is easy to come up with a result. For larger n, it seems difficult to obtain the result. Does any one know whether it is possible to use R to numerically compute it? And your decision variables are? Both w[i] and a[i,j] ? In addition, what do you mean by larger n? n = 20 is already large (in your sense)? Paul __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.htmlhttp://www.r-project.org/posting-guide.html http://www.r-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. [[alternative HTML version deleted]] __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.htmlhttp://www.r-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. [[alternative HTML version deleted]] __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. -- Patrick Burns pbu...@pburns.seanet.com http://www.burns-stat.com (home of 'Some hints for the R beginner' and 'The R Inferno') __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
Re: [R] minimization function
It works for me: x - 2*c(1,0.5,0.8,0.5,1,0.9, 0.8,0.9,1) Dmat - matrix(x, byrow=T, nrow=3, ncol=3) dvec - numeric(3) Amat - matrix(0,3,4) Amat[,1 ] - c(1,1,1) Amat[,2:4 ]- t(diag(3)) bvec - c(3,0,0,0) solve.QP(Dmat,dvec,Amat,bvec=bvec, meq=1) $solution [1] 1.5 1.5 0.0 $value [1] 6.75 $unconstrained.solution [1] 0 0 0 $iterations [1] 3 0 $iact [1] 1 4 R.version.string [1] R version 2.10.1 (2009-12-14) win.version() [1] Windows Vista (build 6002) Service Pack 2 packageDescription(quadprog)$Version [1] 1.4-12 On Sun, Apr 11, 2010 at 11:31 AM, li li hannah@gmail.com wrote: Hi, thanks! I added meq=1 and it did not seem to work. The result is the same as before. x - 2*c(1,0.5,0.8,0.5,1,0.9, 0.8,0.9,1) Dmat - matrix(x, byrow=T, nrow=3, ncol=3) dvec - numeric(3) Amat - matrix(0,3,4) Amat[,1 ] - c(1,1,1) Amat[,2:4 ]- t(diag(3)) bvec - c(3,0,0,0) solve.QP(Dmat,dvec,Amat,bvec=bvec, meq=1) $solution [1] 1.50e+00 1.50e+00 -8.881784e-16 $value [1] 6.75 $unconstrained.solution [1] 0 0 0 $iterations [1] 3 0 $Lagrangian [1] 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.6 $iact [1] 1 4 2010/4/11 Gabor Grothendieck ggrothendi...@gmail.com Add meq=1 to the arguments. On Sun, Apr 11, 2010 at 9:50 AM, li li hannah@gmail.com wrote: Hi, thank you very much for the reply! Consider minimize quadratic form w'Aw with A be the following matrix. Dmat/2 [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 1.0 0.5 0.8 [2,] 0.5 1.0 0.9 [3,] 0.8 0.9 1.0 I need to find w=(w1,w2,w3), a 3 by 1 vector, such that sum(w)=3, and wi=0 for all i. Below is the code I wrote, using the function solve.QP , however, the solution for w still have a negtive component. Can some one give me some suggestions? Thank you very much! x - 2*c(1,0.5,0.8,0.5,1,0.9, 0.8,0.9,1) Dmat - matrix(x, byrow=T, nrow=3, ncol=3) dvec - numeric(3) Amat - matrix(0,3,4) Amat[,1 ] - c(1,1,1) Amat[,2:4 ]- t(diag(3)) bvec - c(3,0,0,0) solve.QP(Dmat,dvec,Amat,bvec=bvec) $solution [1] 1.50e+00 1.50e+00 -8.881784e-16 $value [1] 6.75 $unconstrained.solution [1] 0 0 0 $iterations [1] 3 0 $Lagrangian [1] 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.6 $iact [1] 1 4 2010/4/10 Gabor Grothendieck ggrothendi...@gmail.com Check out the quadprog package. On Sat, Apr 10, 2010 at 5:36 PM, li li hannah@gmail.com wrote: Hi, thanks for the reply. A will be a given matrix satisfying condition 1. I want to find the vector w that minimizes the quadratic form. w satisfies condition 2. 2010/4/10 Paul Smith phh...@gmail.com On Sat, Apr 10, 2010 at 5:13 PM, Paul Smith phh...@gmail.com wrote: I am trying to minimize the quardratic form w'Aw, with certain constraints. In particular, (1) A=(a_{ij}) is n by n matrix and it is symmetric positive definite, a_{ii}=1 for all i; and 0a_{ij}1 for i not equal j. (2) w'1=n; (3) w_{i}=0 Analytically, for n=2, it is easy to come up with a result. For larger n, it seems difficult to obtain the result. Does any one know whether it is possible to use R to numerically compute it? And your decision variables are? Both w[i] and a[i,j] ? In addition, what do you mean by larger n? n = 20 is already large (in your sense)? Paul __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.htmlhttp://www.r-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. [[alternative HTML version deleted]] __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
[R] minimization function
Hi all, I am trying to minimize the quardratic form w'Aw, with certain constraints. In particular, (1) A=(a_{ij}) is n by n matrix and it is symmetric positive definite, a_{ii}=1 for all i; and 0a_{ij}1 for i not equal j. (2) w'1=n; (3) w_{i}=0 Analytically, for n=2, it is easy to come up with a result. For larger n, it seems difficult to obtain the result. Does any one know whether it is possible to use R to numerically compute it? Thank you so much in advance! Hannah [[alternative HTML version deleted]] __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
Re: [R] minimization function
On Sat, Apr 10, 2010 at 4:58 PM, li li hannah@gmail.com wrote: I am trying to minimize the quardratic form w'Aw, with certain constraints. In particular, (1) A=(a_{ij}) is n by n matrix and it is symmetric positive definite, a_{ii}=1 for all i; and 0a_{ij}1 for i not equal j. (2) w'1=n; (3) w_{i}=0 Analytically, for n=2, it is easy to come up with a result. For larger n, it seems difficult to obtain the result. Does any one know whether it is possible to use R to numerically compute it? And your decision variables are? Both w[i] and a[i,j] ? Paul __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
Re: [R] minimization function
On Sat, Apr 10, 2010 at 5:13 PM, Paul Smith phh...@gmail.com wrote: I am trying to minimize the quardratic form w'Aw, with certain constraints. In particular, (1) A=(a_{ij}) is n by n matrix and it is symmetric positive definite, a_{ii}=1 for all i; and 0a_{ij}1 for i not equal j. (2) w'1=n; (3) w_{i}=0 Analytically, for n=2, it is easy to come up with a result. For larger n, it seems difficult to obtain the result. Does any one know whether it is possible to use R to numerically compute it? And your decision variables are? Both w[i] and a[i,j] ? In addition, what do you mean by larger n? n = 20 is already large (in your sense)? Paul __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
Re: [R] minimization function
Hi, thanks for the reply. A will be a given matrix satisfying condition 1. I want to find the vector w that minimizes the quadratic form. w satisfies condition 2. 2010/4/10 Paul Smith phh...@gmail.com On Sat, Apr 10, 2010 at 5:13 PM, Paul Smith phh...@gmail.com wrote: I am trying to minimize the quardratic form w'Aw, with certain constraints. In particular, (1) A=(a_{ij}) is n by n matrix and it is symmetric positive definite, a_{ii}=1 for all i; and 0a_{ij}1 for i not equal j. (2) w'1=n; (3) w_{i}=0 Analytically, for n=2, it is easy to come up with a result. For larger n, it seems difficult to obtain the result. Does any one know whether it is possible to use R to numerically compute it? And your decision variables are? Both w[i] and a[i,j] ? In addition, what do you mean by larger n? n = 20 is already large (in your sense)? Paul __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.htmlhttp://www.r-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. [[alternative HTML version deleted]] __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
Re: [R] minimization function
Check out the quadprog package. On Sat, Apr 10, 2010 at 5:36 PM, li li hannah@gmail.com wrote: Hi, thanks for the reply. A will be a given matrix satisfying condition 1. I want to find the vector w that minimizes the quadratic form. w satisfies condition 2. 2010/4/10 Paul Smith phh...@gmail.com On Sat, Apr 10, 2010 at 5:13 PM, Paul Smith phh...@gmail.com wrote: I am trying to minimize the quardratic form w'Aw, with certain constraints. In particular, (1) A=(a_{ij}) is n by n matrix and it is symmetric positive definite, a_{ii}=1 for all i; and 0a_{ij}1 for i not equal j. (2) w'1=n; (3) w_{i}=0 Analytically, for n=2, it is easy to come up with a result. For larger n, it seems difficult to obtain the result. Does any one know whether it is possible to use R to numerically compute it? And your decision variables are? Both w[i] and a[i,j] ? In addition, what do you mean by larger n? n = 20 is already large (in your sense)? Paul __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.htmlhttp://www.r-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. [[alternative HTML version deleted]] __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. __ R-help@r-project.org mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.