Re: [R] testing whether two character vectors contain (the same) items in the same order

2015-08-08 Thread Robert Baer

And I probably should have included this link:
http://journal.r-project.org/archive/2014-1/loo.pdf

On 8/8/2015 12:50 PM, Robert Baer wrote:



On 8/6/2015 5:25 AM, Federico Calboli wrote:

Hi All,

let’s assume I have a vector of letters drawn only once from the 
alphabet:


x = sample(letters, 15, replace = F)
x
  [1] "z" "t" "g" "l" "u" "d" "w" "x" "a" "q" "k" "j" "f" "n" “v"

y = x[c(1:7,9:8, 10:12, 14, 15, 13)]

I would now like to test how good a match y is for x.  Obviously I 
can transform the letters in numbers and use a rank test, but I was 
left wondering whether this is the only solution and whether there 
are more appropriate solutions that are already implemented in R (I 
am not going to reinvent the wheel if I can avoid it).


BW

F

Perhaps
install.packages("stringdist")
help(package = 'stringdist')







--
Federico Calboli
Ecological Genetics Research Unit
Department of Biosciences
PO Box 65 (Biocenter 3, Viikinkaari 1)
FIN-00014 University of Helsinki
Finland

federico.calb...@helsinki.fi

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Re: [R] testing whether two character vectors contain (the same) items in the same order

2015-08-08 Thread Robert Baer



On 8/6/2015 5:25 AM, Federico Calboli wrote:

Hi All,

let’s assume I have a vector of letters drawn only once from the alphabet:

x = sample(letters, 15, replace = F)
x
  [1] "z" "t" "g" "l" "u" "d" "w" "x" "a" "q" "k" "j" "f" "n" “v"

y = x[c(1:7,9:8, 10:12, 14, 15, 13)]

I would now like to test how good a match y is for x.  Obviously I can 
transform the letters in numbers and use a rank test, but I was left wondering 
whether this is the only solution and whether there are more appropriate 
solutions that are already implemented in R (I am not going to reinvent the 
wheel if I can avoid it).

BW

F

Perhaps
install.packages("stringdist")
help(package = 'stringdist')







--
Federico Calboli
Ecological Genetics Research Unit
Department of Biosciences
PO Box 65 (Biocenter 3, Viikinkaari 1)
FIN-00014 University of Helsinki
Finland

federico.calb...@helsinki.fi

__
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and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.


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Re: [R] testing whether two character vectors contain (the same) items in the same order

2015-08-07 Thread David Winsemius

On Aug 7, 2015, at 12:22 AM, Federico Calboli wrote:

> 
>> On 7 Aug 2015, at 01:59, Bert Gunter  wrote:
>> 
>> Boris:
>> 
>> You may be right, but it seems like esp to me based on the op's 
>> non-description of likelihood of coming from the same noisy process. My 
>> response would be: seek local statistical help, as your replies indicate a 
>> good deal of statistical confusion.
>> 
>> Cheers,
>> Bert
> 
> Bert,
> 
> as this is R-help and not cross-validated I am looking for a precanned 
> function that would test whether the order of characters in two character 
> vectors comes from the same (noisy) process.  I would thus expect you to say 
> something on the lines of:
> 
> function X uses method Y to do something like that
> function W uses method Z to do something like that
> …
> 
> look into those, figure out exactly what you are testing and use the most 
> appropiate function.  
> 
> The whys and wherefores are for me to deal with, I just want to know whether 
> someone has built a function that does, or seems to do, what I asked for.  As 
> I said, this is R-help, and I seek help for R use.

> findFn("levenshtein")
found 57 matches;  retrieving 3 pages
2 3 
Downloaded 44 links in 17 packages.


 stringdist::stringdist( paste0(x, collapse=""), paste0(letters[y], 
collapse="") )
[1] 30

-- 
HTH;
David.

> 
> I do concede that my original question might have left many wondering, but I 
> guess my reply to Boris would have cleared any doubts.  I am therefore 
> puzzled by the great deal of confusion on your part in understanding the 
> purpose of my question and, in general, of this list.
> 
> Best wishes
> 
> F
> 
> 
>> 
>> 
>> 
>> On Thursday, August 6, 2015, Boris Steipe  wrote:
>> You are looking for what is known as the "Cayley distance" between vectors - 
>> an edit distance that allows only transpositions. RSeek mentions PerMallows 
>> (https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/PerMallows/PerMallows.pdf) and 
>> Rankluster 
>> (https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Rankcluster/Rankcluster.pdf) as 
>> packages that support work with Cayley distances. It seems to me that 
>> distCayley() in Rankcluster does what you want. From the examples:
>> 
>> x=1:5
>> y=c(2,3,1,4,5)
>> distCayley(x,y)
>> 8
>> 
>> 
>> Cheers,
>> Boris
>> 
>> 
>> 
>> 
>> 
>> On Aug 6, 2015, at 9:51 AM, Federico Calboli  
>> wrote:
>> 
 
 On 6 Aug 2015, at 15:40, Bert Gunter  wrote:
 
 Define "goodness of match" .  For exact matches, see ?"==" , all.equal, 
 etc.
>>> 
>>> Fair point.  I would define it as a number that tells me how likely it is 
>>> that the same (noisy) process produced both lists.
>>> 
>>> BW
>>> 
>>> F
>>> 
>>> 
>>> 
>>> 
 
 Bert
 
 On Thursday, August 6, 2015, Federico Calboli 
  wrote:
 Hi All,
 
 let’s assume I have a vector of letters drawn only once from the alphabet:
 
 x = sample(letters, 15, replace = F)
 x
 [1] "z" "t" "g" "l" "u" "d" "w" "x" "a" "q" "k" "j" "f" "n" “v"
 
 y = x[c(1:7,9:8, 10:12, 14, 15, 13)]
 
 I would now like to test how good a match y is for x.  Obviously I can 
 transform the letters in numbers and use a rank test, but I was left 
 wondering whether this is the only solution and whether there are more 
 appropriate solutions that are already implemented in R (I am not going to 
 reinvent the wheel if I can avoid it).
 
 BW
 
 F
 
 
 --
 Federico Calboli
 Ecological Genetics Research Unit
 Department of Biosciences
 PO Box 65 (Biocenter 3, Viikinkaari 1)
 FIN-00014 University of Helsinki
 Finland
 
 federico.calb...@helsinki.fi
 
 __
 R-help@r-project.org mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see
 https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
 PLEASE do read the posting guide 
 http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
 and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
 
 
 --
 Bert Gunter
 
 "Data is not information. Information is not knowledge. And knowledge is 
 certainly not wisdom."
  -- Clifford Stoll
 
>>> 
>>> 
>>> --
>>> Federico Calboli
>>> Ecological Genetics Research Unit
>>> Department of Biosciences
>>> PO Box 65 (Biocenter 3, Viikinkaari 1)
>>> FIN-00014 University of Helsinki
>>> Finland
>>> 
>>> federico.calb...@helsinki.fi
>>> 
>>> __
>>> R-help@r-project.org mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see
>>> https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
>>> PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
>>> and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
>> 
>> __
>> R-help@r-project.org mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see
>> https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
>> PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/post

Re: [R] testing whether two character vectors contain (the same) items in the same order

2015-08-07 Thread Federico Calboli

> On 7 Aug 2015, at 01:59, Bert Gunter  wrote:
> 
> Boris:
> 
> You may be right, but it seems like esp to me based on the op's 
> non-description of likelihood of coming from the same noisy process. My 
> response would be: seek local statistical help, as your replies indicate a 
> good deal of statistical confusion.
> 
> Cheers,
> Bert

Bert,

as this is R-help and not cross-validated I am looking for a precanned function 
that would test whether the order of characters in two character vectors comes 
from the same (noisy) process.  I would thus expect you to say something on the 
lines of:

function X uses method Y to do something like that
function W uses method Z to do something like that
…

look into those, figure out exactly what you are testing and use the most 
appropiate function.  

The whys and wherefores are for me to deal with, I just want to know whether 
someone has built a function that does, or seems to do, what I asked for.  As I 
said, this is R-help, and I seek help for R use.

I do concede that my original question might have left many wondering, but I 
guess my reply to Boris would have cleared any doubts.  I am therefore puzzled 
by the great deal of confusion on your part in understanding the purpose of my 
question and, in general, of this list.

Best wishes

F


> 
> 
> 
> On Thursday, August 6, 2015, Boris Steipe  wrote:
> You are looking for what is known as the "Cayley distance" between vectors - 
> an edit distance that allows only transpositions. RSeek mentions PerMallows 
> (https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/PerMallows/PerMallows.pdf) and 
> Rankluster 
> (https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Rankcluster/Rankcluster.pdf) as 
> packages that support work with Cayley distances. It seems to me that 
> distCayley() in Rankcluster does what you want. From the examples:
> 
> x=1:5
> y=c(2,3,1,4,5)
> distCayley(x,y)
> 8
> 
> 
> Cheers,
> Boris
> 
> 
> 
> 
> 
> On Aug 6, 2015, at 9:51 AM, Federico Calboli  
> wrote:
> 
> >>
> >> On 6 Aug 2015, at 15:40, Bert Gunter  wrote:
> >>
> >> Define "goodness of match" .  For exact matches, see ?"==" , all.equal, 
> >> etc.
> >
> > Fair point.  I would define it as a number that tells me how likely it is 
> > that the same (noisy) process produced both lists.
> >
> > BW
> >
> > F
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >>
> >> Bert
> >>
> >> On Thursday, August 6, 2015, Federico Calboli 
> >>  wrote:
> >> Hi All,
> >>
> >> let’s assume I have a vector of letters drawn only once from the alphabet:
> >>
> >> x = sample(letters, 15, replace = F)
> >> x
> >> [1] "z" "t" "g" "l" "u" "d" "w" "x" "a" "q" "k" "j" "f" "n" “v"
> >>
> >> y = x[c(1:7,9:8, 10:12, 14, 15, 13)]
> >>
> >> I would now like to test how good a match y is for x.  Obviously I can 
> >> transform the letters in numbers and use a rank test, but I was left 
> >> wondering whether this is the only solution and whether there are more 
> >> appropriate solutions that are already implemented in R (I am not going to 
> >> reinvent the wheel if I can avoid it).
> >>
> >> BW
> >>
> >> F
> >>
> >>
> >> --
> >> Federico Calboli
> >> Ecological Genetics Research Unit
> >> Department of Biosciences
> >> PO Box 65 (Biocenter 3, Viikinkaari 1)
> >> FIN-00014 University of Helsinki
> >> Finland
> >>
> >> federico.calb...@helsinki.fi
> >>
> >> __
> >> R-help@r-project.org mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see
> >> https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
> >> PLEASE do read the posting guide 
> >> http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
> >> and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
> >>
> >>
> >> --
> >> Bert Gunter
> >>
> >> "Data is not information. Information is not knowledge. And knowledge is 
> >> certainly not wisdom."
> >>   -- Clifford Stoll
> >>
> >
> >
> > --
> > Federico Calboli
> > Ecological Genetics Research Unit
> > Department of Biosciences
> > PO Box 65 (Biocenter 3, Viikinkaari 1)
> > FIN-00014 University of Helsinki
> > Finland
> >
> > federico.calb...@helsinki.fi
> >
> > __
> > R-help@r-project.org mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see
> > https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
> > PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
> > and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
> 
> __
> R-help@r-project.org mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see
> https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
> PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
> and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
> 
> 
> -- 
> Bert Gunter
> 
> "Data is not information. Information is not knowledge. And knowledge is 
> certainly not wisdom."
>-- Clifford Stoll
> 


--
Federico Calboli
Ecological Genetics Research Unit
Department of Biosciences
PO Box 65 (Biocenter 3, Viikinkaari 1)
FIN-00014 University of Helsinki
Finland

Re: [R] testing whether two character vectors contain (the same) items in the same order

2015-08-06 Thread Bert Gunter
Boris:

You may be right, but it seems like esp to me based on the op's
non-description of likelihood of coming from the same noisy process. My
response would be: seek local statistical help, as your replies indicate a
good deal of statistical confusion.

Cheers,
Bert



On Thursday, August 6, 2015, Boris Steipe  wrote:

> You are looking for what is known as the "Cayley distance" between vectors
> - an edit distance that allows only transpositions. RSeek mentions
> PerMallows (
> https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/PerMallows/PerMallows.pdf) and
> Rankluster (
> https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Rankcluster/Rankcluster.pdf) as
> packages that support work with Cayley distances. It seems to me that
> distCayley() in Rankcluster does what you want. From the examples:
>
> x=1:5
> y=c(2,3,1,4,5)
> distCayley(x,y)
> 8
>
>
> Cheers,
> Boris
>
>
>
>
>
> On Aug 6, 2015, at 9:51 AM, Federico Calboli  > wrote:
>
> >>
> >> On 6 Aug 2015, at 15:40, Bert Gunter  > wrote:
> >>
> >> Define "goodness of match" .  For exact matches, see ?"==" , all.equal,
> etc.
> >
> > Fair point.  I would define it as a number that tells me how likely it
> is that the same (noisy) process produced both lists.
> >
> > BW
> >
> > F
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >>
> >> Bert
> >>
> >> On Thursday, August 6, 2015, Federico Calboli <
> federico.calb...@helsinki.fi > wrote:
> >> Hi All,
> >>
> >> let’s assume I have a vector of letters drawn only once from the
> alphabet:
> >>
> >> x = sample(letters, 15, replace = F)
> >> x
> >> [1] "z" "t" "g" "l" "u" "d" "w" "x" "a" "q" "k" "j" "f" "n" “v"
> >>
> >> y = x[c(1:7,9:8, 10:12, 14, 15, 13)]
> >>
> >> I would now like to test how good a match y is for x.  Obviously I can
> transform the letters in numbers and use a rank test, but I was left
> wondering whether this is the only solution and whether there are more
> appropriate solutions that are already implemented in R (I am not going to
> reinvent the wheel if I can avoid it).
> >>
> >> BW
> >>
> >> F
> >>
> >>
> >> --
> >> Federico Calboli
> >> Ecological Genetics Research Unit
> >> Department of Biosciences
> >> PO Box 65 (Biocenter 3, Viikinkaari 1)
> >> FIN-00014 University of Helsinki
> >> Finland
> >>
> >> federico.calb...@helsinki.fi 
> >>
> >> __
> >> R-help@r-project.org  mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and
> more, see
> >> https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
> >> PLEASE do read the posting guide
> http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
> >> and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
> >>
> >>
> >> --
> >> Bert Gunter
> >>
> >> "Data is not information. Information is not knowledge. And knowledge
> is certainly not wisdom."
> >>   -- Clifford Stoll
> >>
> >
> >
> > --
> > Federico Calboli
> > Ecological Genetics Research Unit
> > Department of Biosciences
> > PO Box 65 (Biocenter 3, Viikinkaari 1)
> > FIN-00014 University of Helsinki
> > Finland
> >
> > federico.calb...@helsinki.fi 
> >
> > __
> > R-help@r-project.org  mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and
> more, see
> > https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
> > PLEASE do read the posting guide
> http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
> > and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
>
> __
> R-help@r-project.org  mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and
> more, see
> https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
> PLEASE do read the posting guide
> http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
> and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
>


-- 
Bert Gunter

"Data is not information. Information is not knowledge. And knowledge is
certainly not wisdom."
   -- Clifford Stoll

[[alternative HTML version deleted]]

__
R-help@r-project.org mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see
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PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.

Re: [R] testing whether two character vectors contain (the same) items in the same order

2015-08-06 Thread Boris Steipe
You are looking for what is known as the "Cayley distance" between vectors - an 
edit distance that allows only transpositions. RSeek mentions PerMallows 
(https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/PerMallows/PerMallows.pdf) and 
Rankluster 
(https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Rankcluster/Rankcluster.pdf) as 
packages that support work with Cayley distances. It seems to me that 
distCayley() in Rankcluster does what you want. From the examples:

x=1:5
y=c(2,3,1,4,5)
distCayley(x,y)
8


Cheers,
Boris





On Aug 6, 2015, at 9:51 AM, Federico Calboli  
wrote:

>> 
>> On 6 Aug 2015, at 15:40, Bert Gunter  wrote:
>> 
>> Define "goodness of match" .  For exact matches, see ?"==" , all.equal, etc.
> 
> Fair point.  I would define it as a number that tells me how likely it is 
> that the same (noisy) process produced both lists.
> 
> BW
> 
> F
> 
> 
> 
> 
>> 
>> Bert
>> 
>> On Thursday, August 6, 2015, Federico Calboli  
>> wrote:
>> Hi All,
>> 
>> let’s assume I have a vector of letters drawn only once from the alphabet:
>> 
>> x = sample(letters, 15, replace = F)
>> x
>> [1] "z" "t" "g" "l" "u" "d" "w" "x" "a" "q" "k" "j" "f" "n" “v"
>> 
>> y = x[c(1:7,9:8, 10:12, 14, 15, 13)]
>> 
>> I would now like to test how good a match y is for x.  Obviously I can 
>> transform the letters in numbers and use a rank test, but I was left 
>> wondering whether this is the only solution and whether there are more 
>> appropriate solutions that are already implemented in R (I am not going to 
>> reinvent the wheel if I can avoid it).
>> 
>> BW
>> 
>> F
>> 
>> 
>> --
>> Federico Calboli
>> Ecological Genetics Research Unit
>> Department of Biosciences
>> PO Box 65 (Biocenter 3, Viikinkaari 1)
>> FIN-00014 University of Helsinki
>> Finland
>> 
>> federico.calb...@helsinki.fi
>> 
>> __
>> R-help@r-project.org mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see
>> https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
>> PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
>> and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
>> 
>> 
>> -- 
>> Bert Gunter
>> 
>> "Data is not information. Information is not knowledge. And knowledge is 
>> certainly not wisdom."
>>   -- Clifford Stoll
>> 
> 
> 
> --
> Federico Calboli
> Ecological Genetics Research Unit
> Department of Biosciences
> PO Box 65 (Biocenter 3, Viikinkaari 1)
> FIN-00014 University of Helsinki
> Finland
> 
> federico.calb...@helsinki.fi
> 
> __
> R-help@r-project.org mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see
> https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
> PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
> and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.

__
R-help@r-project.org mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see
https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.


Re: [R] testing whether two character vectors contain (the same) items in the same order

2015-08-06 Thread Federico Calboli

> On 6 Aug 2015, at 15:40, Bert Gunter  wrote:
> 
> Define "goodness of match" .  For exact matches, see ?"==" , all.equal, etc.

Fair point.  I would define it as a number that tells me how likely it is that 
the same (noisy) process produced both lists.

BW

F




> 
> Bert
> 
> On Thursday, August 6, 2015, Federico Calboli  
> wrote:
> Hi All,
> 
> let’s assume I have a vector of letters drawn only once from the alphabet:
> 
> x = sample(letters, 15, replace = F)
> x
>  [1] "z" "t" "g" "l" "u" "d" "w" "x" "a" "q" "k" "j" "f" "n" “v"
> 
> y = x[c(1:7,9:8, 10:12, 14, 15, 13)]
> 
> I would now like to test how good a match y is for x.  Obviously I can 
> transform the letters in numbers and use a rank test, but I was left 
> wondering whether this is the only solution and whether there are more 
> appropriate solutions that are already implemented in R (I am not going to 
> reinvent the wheel if I can avoid it).
> 
> BW
> 
> F
> 
> 
> --
> Federico Calboli
> Ecological Genetics Research Unit
> Department of Biosciences
> PO Box 65 (Biocenter 3, Viikinkaari 1)
> FIN-00014 University of Helsinki
> Finland
> 
> federico.calb...@helsinki.fi
> 
> __
> R-help@r-project.org mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see
> https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
> PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
> and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
> 
> 
> -- 
> Bert Gunter
> 
> "Data is not information. Information is not knowledge. And knowledge is 
> certainly not wisdom."
>-- Clifford Stoll
> 


--
Federico Calboli
Ecological Genetics Research Unit
Department of Biosciences
PO Box 65 (Biocenter 3, Viikinkaari 1)
FIN-00014 University of Helsinki
Finland

federico.calb...@helsinki.fi

__
R-help@r-project.org mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see
https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.

Re: [R] testing whether two character vectors contain (the same) items in the same order

2015-08-06 Thread Bert Gunter
Define "goodness of match" .  For exact matches, see ?"==" , all.equal, etc.

Bert

On Thursday, August 6, 2015, Federico Calboli 
wrote:

> Hi All,
>
> let’s assume I have a vector of letters drawn only once from the alphabet:
>
> x = sample(letters, 15, replace = F)
> x
>  [1] "z" "t" "g" "l" "u" "d" "w" "x" "a" "q" "k" "j" "f" "n" “v"
>
> y = x[c(1:7,9:8, 10:12, 14, 15, 13)]
>
> I would now like to test how good a match y is for x.  Obviously I can
> transform the letters in numbers and use a rank test, but I was left
> wondering whether this is the only solution and whether there are more
> appropriate solutions that are already implemented in R (I am not going to
> reinvent the wheel if I can avoid it).
>
> BW
>
> F
>
>
> --
> Federico Calboli
> Ecological Genetics Research Unit
> Department of Biosciences
> PO Box 65 (Biocenter 3, Viikinkaari 1)
> FIN-00014 University of Helsinki
> Finland
>
> federico.calb...@helsinki.fi 
>
> __
> R-help@r-project.org  mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and
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> PLEASE do read the posting guide
> http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
> and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.



-- 
Bert Gunter

"Data is not information. Information is not knowledge. And knowledge is
certainly not wisdom."
   -- Clifford Stoll

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__
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PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
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