[Tinyos-help] Flooding Algorithm

2006-07-31 Thread Erkan Unal
Hi,I needdocuments for this routing algorithm and implmentations ( inTinyOSenviroment )if there is. Can anyone help? Any links or files would be good.Erkan 
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[Tinyos-help] TinyOS 2.0 and IEEE 802.15.4 compliant motes

2006-07-31 Thread Mikael Ifversen

Hi all,

I want to work exclusively with TinyOS 2.0 and IEEE 802.15.4 compliant 
motes since that seems to be the two standards which are attracting a 
lot of focus. I am new to TinyOS / embedded programming and therefore 
need as much working demo application code  and tutorial code as 
possible to get started.


1. What platform from the official TinyOS 2.0 list seems best suited for 
that task and how many motes is deemed necessary (or recommended), in 
order to exemplify the various demo apps? It should be possible for the 
motes in question to implement RFID tags.


2. Has any work with TinyOS 2.0 and TinyDB been done yet?

Any comments are appreciated, thanks.

Mikael

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[Tinyos-help] Maximum data rate on the radio?

2006-07-31 Thread Henric Kärnhall
Hi

What is the (practical) maximum data rate on the radio? I`m using the
tmote hardware from moteiv. 

I have seen these values:
  - max 25 packages / sec
  - max 29b / package
that is.. 25 * 29 * 8 = 5.8kbps. Correct??

But motive has this information on their homepage:
  - 250kbps 2.4GHz IEEE 802.15.4 Chipcon Wireless Transceiver

I would like to sample data from one or more units at as high speed as
possible and send the sampled data in realtime on radio to a master unit.

/Henric
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[Tinyos-help] Synchronization and high data rate on radio?

2006-07-31 Thread Henric Kärnhall
Hi

I have posted these questions a few times but never got any clear
answers. I would be pleased if someone could give me some answers this time.

1. Why does netsync require lowpower mode? And what does it actually
mean to compile with the lowpower flag?
2. Is it possible to send data with high data rate on the radio when
using synchronization with netsync? (high data rate = same data rate as
without using netsync)
3. Is there any other way to get a synchronized global time without
using netsync?

/Henric
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[Tinyos-help] testing MultiHopRSSI

2006-07-31 Thread jesus serna

Hi!
 I'm trying to test the MultiHopRSSI  on Tmote Sky , I have had to add some 
files as RouteStatics as well as modifying multihop.h and multihop.nc 
because I want it to be tested with Delta (so I have to do it compatible). 
But I'm finding it rather difficult (changing too much things to avoid the 
compiler errors) and I'm wondering if there is any other way to test it or 
the RSSI doesn't work...



 Thanks!
 Jesus Serna. Valencia

PD I've found that it has some extra files as WMAWMEMultihop.nc, without 
connection to MultiHop.nc or MultiHopEngineM.nc, and it has the same 
information as MintRoute...



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Re: [Tinyos-help] inject commands at runtime in tinyviz

2006-07-31 Thread Darren Bishop
You can talk to the simulated mote with id 0 through serial forwarder and 
using tossim-serial@hostname.

I am not sure but it seems you can send to ANY mote's radio by using 
[EMAIL PROTECTED]; I have not tested this and have actually just noticed 
the feature.

Alternatively, you can set a mote's ADC channel in TinyViz and program the 
mote to read and react to certain values.

-- 
Warm regards,

Darren Bishop, MSc, BSc (Hons), MBCS

On Monday 31 July 2006 03:02, Nilay Chheda wrote:
 Hi,
 I am running my simulations on TOSSIM ( tinyviz ). Is there any way I can
 inject commands into the network of motes at runtime.

 Thanks
 Nilay
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[Tinyos-help] Can Stargate be connected to Telos

2006-07-31 Thread Liu Haibin
Hi,I have a question about Stargate from Crossbow. Can it be connected to Telos (either from Moteiv or Crossbow) or other motes? Thanks.Regards,Haibin
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Re: [Tinyos-help] Source Code for Trickle

2006-07-31 Thread Philip Levis

On Jul 30, 2006, at 4:59 PM, Joe Polastre wrote:


NetSync in Boomerang uses a trickle-like system too.  Trickle is
fairly easy to implement from the paper, the intricacies occur when
you try to bind it with a particular data pattern--ie bulk
dissemination, network synchronization, or commands.  Because of this,
you find all these different implementations of Trickle tuned to
different use cases.


In particular, Trickle relies on concise, comparable metadata.  
Depending on the data being disseminated, this metadata can take  
different forms. For example, Maté and Deluge (that's a fourth  
implementation) can encode the full metadata in a packet, while Drip  
The code in tinyos-2.x/tos/lib/net/ is intended to be a very general  
implementation that depends on version numbers. It separates out the  
transmission mechanism from the timer mechanism, as well.


Phil
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Re: [Tinyos-help] Maximum data rate on the radio?

2006-07-31 Thread Philip Levis

On Jul 31, 2006, at 5:58 AM, Matthew J Whelan wrote:


Henric,

The maximum theoretical data rate of the CC2420 is 250kbps.   
However to achieve anywhere near this rate, you have to carefully  
schedule transmissions to avoid packet collisions and loss.  I  
can't quote you any rates achievable using any of the standard  
radio libraries or base applications, as I have had some problems  
with transparency of the code and would rather write my own than  
try to figure out someone elses.  To be honest, I have had a  
problem using the base applications provided with TinyOS when  
sending at a high rate from multiple motes and I would very much  
recommend that you write your own base application if you intend to  
push a lot of data across the radio.


Using my own base application, I have recieved data from 10 motes,  
sending 99byte packets at a rate of 7 packets per second (approx.  
700bytes/mote/sec or 70kbps total) with virtually no packet loss at  
all (nearly all motes have 100% success after 5-10 minutes).  I am  
convinced that the radio can handle MUCH HIGHER rates than that,  
even the 250kbps, though it takes careful software development and  
knowledge of the CC2420 chip.   I need to invest in more motes  
before I push my network to the limits in terms of data rate, but I  
thought that I would let you know that the numbers you have seen  
have grossly underestimated the radio data rate.


A lot of it comes down to MAC backoff times.

Out of the box, a TinyOS 1.x or 2.x node can send about 240 pps,  
where each packet has a 28 or 29 byte payload. If you do not obey  
CSMA backoff, 1.x can get about 300 pps and 2.x can get something  
like 600 pps. Boomerang, IIRC, can get about 500 pps when it batches  
transmissions (disables CSMA).


On the software side, the limiting factor is usually reception, not  
transmission. That is, the pps rate isn't limited by how fast the  
transmitter can transmit them, but by how fast a receiver can receive  
them. E.g., 1.x can send ~600 pps, but can only receive around 300  
before the receive path runs into issues (the FIFO flush in response  
to multiple packets being buffered).


These numbers are all CC2420 specific.

Phil
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RE: [Tinyos-help] Help with real node behaviour!Micaz,tinyos 1.x

2006-07-31 Thread Munaretto, Daniel
Thanks for your answer, in my program i allocate memory to create in each mote 
a buffer-chain (i use structures that allocate memory dynamically). But i don't 
know exactly how much dynamic memory i can use in Micaz motes.
For example, if after compiling i use 1419 bytes in RAM and 19748 bytes in ROM, 
is the rest used for dynamic allocation?
i don't understand this passage about exactly how much memory i can use 
dynamically..for me understanding would be really important.
Thanks for your availability,
 
Cheers
Daniele

-Original Message- 
From: Michael Schippling [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] 
Sent: Fri 7/28/2006 7:12 PM 
To: Munaretto, Daniel 
Cc: tinyos-help@Millennium.Berkeley.EDU 
Subject: Re: [Tinyos-help] Help with real node behaviour!Micaz,tinyos 
1.x



Well there's 128K of PROM and 4K of RAM in the ATMEGA 128
and I believe it is all available. At the end of the TOS
compile you get a line that says how much your program is
using. If you are not doing any kind of dynamic allocation
this should be the maximum used. Perhaps you have a pointer
or something that is running amuck in a way that you don't
see in simulation.

I think using FLASH is rather slow and the number of MTBF
cycles is not conducive to temporary storage.

MS

Munaretto, Daniel wrote:
 I did other experiments and i found that, with little data size, the 
nodes are able to send and receive all packets they generate. So it's 
definitely a memory problem. But i think not to use so much memory and i free, 
when i can, the used structures. Remember i need a buffer chain in each node 
cause i store incoming packets and then i create new coded packets from these 
buffers.
 Now my question is: with Micaz motes, tinyos 1.x, how much memory in 
ROM and RAM can i use?
 and is it possible to use the FLASH memory?if yes how?and what's the 
size of it?
  If possible, i'd like to receive very precise informations for 
understanding my problem in the best way.
 
 Thanks very much for your availability
 cheers
 Daniele

   -Original Message-
   From: Michael Schippling [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]
   Sent: Thu 7/27/2006 9:25 PM
   To: Munaretto, Daniel
   Cc: tinyos-help@Millennium.Berkeley.EDU
   Subject: Re: [Tinyos-help] Help with real node 
behaviour!Micaz,tinyos 1.x
  
  

   Sounds like your buffering scheme is overflowing and crashing 
the mote.
   One clue is that I seem to see a lot of length 5 buffer pools 
in TOS...
   You might want to double check that you are freeing buffers 
after use.
   MS

   Munaretto, Daniel wrote:
Hi all,
 after a lot of simulation in TOSSIM, i uploaded my programs 
on the motes.
By reading the leds, i'm able to understand what happens.

If i run on motes a normal flooding, it's all ok. All packets 
are sent and received.

But if i run a more complex program, where before 
broadcasting packets i code packets i stored in the node's internal buffer, i 
notice i cannot receive over 5 packets (in my experiments i generate 8 packets 
per node). But if i run only one mote, it's able to generate all packets.

 So if i run 2 nodes, one seems blocked or crashed after 
receiving 5 packets (Leds stop to work, fixed on a color or void) and the other 
one continue to send packets in a properly way.

I made with several motes and it's the same, also changing 
batteries.

Anyone could help me, please?
i don't know what's wrong, in TOSSIM was all ok.
And i'm using micaz motes, tinyos 1.x, after compiling i see: 
used RAM=1657 bytes, used ROM=19600 bytes.

Thanks very much, i hope someone could answer to me!
cheers
Daniele

   
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[Tinyos-help] Question

2006-07-31 Thread svilen


Hello,

I have a question regarding a message transmission problem that I encounter. I
run a TinyOS application with 200 nodes, with the following configuration file:

configuration test_filter {
}
implementation {
  components Main, test_filterM, SingleTimer, LedsC, PotC, GenericComm as Comm,
RandomLFSR;
   
  Main.StdControl - SingleTimer.StdControl;
  Main.StdControl - test_filterM.StdControl;
  
  test_filterM.Timer - SingleTimer.Timer;
  test_filterM.Leds - LedsC;
  test_filterM.CommControl - Comm;
  test_filterM.SendMsg - Comm.SendMsg[1];
  test_filterM.ReceiveMsg - Comm.ReceiveMsg[1];
  test_filterM.Random - RandomLFSR;
}

A am building a routing tree over those nodes, using a sparse bit error graph
(about 10 neighbors have 0 bit-errors, and the rest have 0.5) and the problem is
that after multiple message broadcasts, well into the process, I encounter a
case where a node repeatedly transmits a message (using call SendMsg.send) and
its intended recipient does not register it (using event ReceiveMsg.receive).
There are no other nodes that transmit at this time, just node A which tries to
send a message to node B, which is targeted specifically to B (not a broadcast).
The bit error between them is 0, and yet node B does not register the message. B
has previously received messages from A before the current attempt on A's
behalf. Source code and status logs can be provided on request.

Why does this situation arise? Is it possible that there is some kind of
overflow of internal message queues? Is it because of the methods use to send
and receive? Can you suggest an alternative?

Svilen Mihaylov



- End forwarded message -


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Re: [Tinyos-help] Can Stargate be connected to Telos

2006-07-31 Thread Joe Polastre

Yes.  You need to load the ftdi_sio kernel module on the Stargate.
Please contact the Stargate user's mailing list.

-Joe

On 7/31/06, Liu Haibin [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:

Hi,

I have a question about Stargate from Crossbow. Can it be connected to Telos
(either from Moteiv or Crossbow) or other motes? Thanks.


Regards,
Haibin

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Re: [Tinyos-help] Question

2006-07-31 Thread Aaron Ault
I've had problems like that when the task queue overflows.  The default
size is 8, you might want to increase it to 32 or so.

Aaron

On Mon, 2006-07-31 at 13:38 -0400, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
 
 Hello,
 
 I have a question regarding a message transmission problem that I encounter. I
 run a TinyOS application with 200 nodes, with the following configuration 
 file:
 
 configuration test_filter {
 }
 implementation {
   components Main, test_filterM, SingleTimer, LedsC, PotC, GenericComm as 
 Comm,
 RandomLFSR;

   Main.StdControl - SingleTimer.StdControl;
   Main.StdControl - test_filterM.StdControl;
   
   test_filterM.Timer - SingleTimer.Timer;
   test_filterM.Leds - LedsC;
   test_filterM.CommControl - Comm;
   test_filterM.SendMsg - Comm.SendMsg[1];
   test_filterM.ReceiveMsg - Comm.ReceiveMsg[1];
   test_filterM.Random - RandomLFSR;
 }
 
 A am building a routing tree over those nodes, using a sparse bit error graph
 (about 10 neighbors have 0 bit-errors, and the rest have 0.5) and the problem 
 is
 that after multiple message broadcasts, well into the process, I encounter a
 case where a node repeatedly transmits a message (using call SendMsg.send) and
 its intended recipient does not register it (using event ReceiveMsg.receive).
 There are no other nodes that transmit at this time, just node A which tries 
 to
 send a message to node B, which is targeted specifically to B (not a 
 broadcast).
 The bit error between them is 0, and yet node B does not register the 
 message. B
 has previously received messages from A before the current attempt on A's
 behalf. Source code and status logs can be provided on request.
 
 Why does this situation arise? Is it possible that there is some kind of
 overflow of internal message queues? Is it because of the methods use to send
 and receive? Can you suggest an alternative?
 
 Svilen Mihaylov
 
 
 
 - End forwarded message -
 
 
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Re: [Tinyos-help] HPLTimer3 on Micaz using tinyos-1.x

2006-07-31 Thread Michael Schippling

Just a couple tidbits...

nesc -v   will list all the included files, but won't give you the
dependencies you want. You might be able to do some binary searching
by eliminating source files though.

You can also try grepping clock.h in all the source directories,
or use Eclipse or other IDE search facilities. As far as I know
only tos.h is included automagically, without any reference in
a source file.

But why fight nature? Can't you use the common defs in the TOS header
and just add whatever you need in yours?

MS

Michael Collett wrote:



Hi,

Thanks for the advice on registers. I’m still trying to get Timer3 to 
work on my MicaZ using TinyOs-1.x though:


1) Can I first check that I have the general shape of the components and 
interfaces right:


HPLTimer3M.nc (with HPLTimer3.h)

/ *Clock16.nc /

Clock3C.nc (with Clock3.h)

/ *Clock16.nc /

Timer3M.nc (with Timer3.h)

/ *Timer3.nc /

Timer3C.nc

/ *Timer3.nc /

MyApplicationM.nc

(*Interface.)

2) Another problem I’m having is that many of the variables I’m trying 
to use are already defined in Clock.h etc. I’m trying to fix it so that 
only my version: Clock3.h is included. Despite having accounted for this 
in all the files involved in my application, when compiling Clock.h is 
still taken from platform/mica128. This also occurs with HPLTimer1, 
despite the fact I’ve not included it in any of my application components.


I could rename all the variables, but I want to make sure that I’m not 
using the wrong version of the header files somewhere along the line.


Is there a component which uses a timer which I may be overlooking 
(Something which is always included at compilation)?


Thanks,

Mike

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Re: [Tinyos-help] Help with real node behaviour!Micaz,tinyos 1.x

2006-07-31 Thread Michael Schippling

As far as I know all of the 4k of RAM is available for use,
so you should have about 2.5k for your buffer allocs. Maybe
you can put in an allocation size detector for your simulation
so you can see where it (is assumed to) overflow? Or log all
the alloc/frees and match them up...

MS

Munaretto, Daniel wrote:

Thanks for your answer, in my program i allocate memory to create in each mote 
a buffer-chain (i use structures that allocate memory dynamically). But i don't 
know exactly how much dynamic memory i can use in Micaz motes.
For example, if after compiling i use 1419 bytes in RAM and 19748 bytes in ROM, 
is the rest used for dynamic allocation?
i don't understand this passage about exactly how much memory i can use 
dynamically..for me understanding would be really important.
Thanks for your availability,
 
Cheers

Daniele

	-Original Message- 
	From: Michael Schippling [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] 
	Sent: Fri 7/28/2006 7:12 PM 
	To: Munaretto, Daniel 
	Cc: tinyos-help@Millennium.Berkeley.EDU 
	Subject: Re: [Tinyos-help] Help with real node behaviour!Micaz,tinyos 1.x




Well there's 128K of PROM and 4K of RAM in the ATMEGA 128
and I believe it is all available. At the end of the TOS
compile you get a line that says how much your program is
using. If you are not doing any kind of dynamic allocation
this should be the maximum used. Perhaps you have a pointer
or something that is running amuck in a way that you don't
see in simulation.

I think using FLASH is rather slow and the number of MTBF
cycles is not conducive to temporary storage.

MS

Munaretto, Daniel wrote:
 I did other experiments and i found that, with little data size, the 
nodes are able to send and receive all packets they generate. So it's definitely a 
memory problem. But i think not to use so much memory and i free, when i can, the 
used structures. Remember i need a buffer chain in each node cause i store 
incoming packets and then i create new coded packets from these buffers.
 Now my question is: with Micaz motes, tinyos 1.x, how much memory in 
ROM and RAM can i use?
 and is it possible to use the FLASH memory?if yes how?and what's the 
size of it?
  If possible, i'd like to receive very precise informations for 
understanding my problem in the best way.
	 
	 Thanks very much for your availability

 cheers
 Daniele

   -Original Message-
   From: Michael Schippling [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]
   Sent: Thu 7/27/2006 9:25 PM
   To: Munaretto, Daniel
   Cc: tinyos-help@Millennium.Berkeley.EDU
   Subject: Re: [Tinyos-help] Help with real node 
behaviour!Micaz,tinyos 1.x
	  
	  
	

   Sounds like your buffering scheme is overflowing and crashing 
the mote.
   One clue is that I seem to see a lot of length 5 buffer pools 
in TOS...
   You might want to double check that you are freeing buffers 
after use.
   MS

   Munaretto, Daniel wrote:
Hi all,
 after a lot of simulation in TOSSIM, i uploaded my programs 
on the motes.
By reading the leds, i'm able to understand what happens.
	
	If i run on motes a normal flooding, it's all ok. All packets are sent and received.
	
	But if i run a more complex program, where before broadcasting packets i code packets i stored in the node's internal buffer, i notice i cannot receive over 5 packets (in my experiments i generate 8 packets per node). But if i run only one mote, it's able to generate all packets.


 So if i run 2 nodes, one seems blocked or crashed after 
receiving 5 packets (Leds stop to work, fixed on a color or void) and the other one 
continue to send packets in a properly way.

I made with several motes and it's the same, also changing 
batteries.
	
	Anyone could help me, please?

i don't know what's wrong, in TOSSIM was all ok.
And i'm using micaz motes, tinyos 1.x, after compiling i see: 
used RAM=1657 bytes, used ROM=19600 bytes.
	
	Thanks very much, i hope someone could answer to me!

cheers
Daniele
	
	   

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[Tinyos-help] Tinyos2.x Mica2 ADC free-running conversion

2006-07-31 Thread Ian Welch
I'm trying to use the ATM128AdcC component to read multiple ADC channels, one ofter the other. At compile time i get the following errorsIn component `InsoleAppC':InsoleAppC.nc:19: syntax error before `('
InsoleAppC.nc:26: syntax error before `('InsoleAppC.nc:27: syntax error before `('*Here is my File***configuration InsoleAppC  { }implementation { components MainC;
 components LedsC; components InsoleC; components Atm128AdcC as ADC; components new TimerMilliC() as Timer; components ActiveMessageC as Radio;  InsoleC.Boot  - MainC;
 InsoleC.Leds  - LedsC; InsoleC.Timer  - Timer; //This may be Timer0 , not sure InsoleC.Multiple - ADC; InsoleC.Resource - ADC; //Atm128AdcSingle was not included, I dont think this is required
 InsoleC.Packet  - Radio; InsoleC.AMPacket - Radio; InsoleC.AMSend  - Radio; InsoleC.SplitControl - Radio;}I'm also having troubles understanding the Atm128AdcMultiple interface.
1 - How do I stop the free running conversion? 2 - To change the channel do I just set *newchannel = channel+1?Thanks.
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[Tinyos-help] I2CPacket.writePacket... code example?

2006-07-31 Thread Andreas Gredler
Hello,

I want to read sensor data from a SRF10 ultrasonic range finder over the
I2C bus. Unfortunately I didn't find enough sample code to get it done.
I'm also not sure how to define the i2c address that should be used for
read and write.
Any help greatly appreciated.

best regards, Jimmy

-- 
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  (  grml.org -» Linux Live-CD for texttool-users and sysadmins
   `._,  http://www.grml.org/| [EMAIL PROTECTED]
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[Tinyos-help] TOSBase with UART0 instead of UART1

2006-07-31 Thread Carlos M. Perez Penichet




Hi.
I am trying to write an application similar to TOSBase for tmote sky so
that it uses the UART0 instead of the default UART1. I
read the Boomerang
UART0 Sample and from what I gathered from there tried the
following approach: 
1.-Replace the UART component used by TOSBase with a custom
made component implementing, of course, the same interfaces as UART
to ensure it will wire up properly.
2.-In the new UART implementation (let's call it UART0)
make sure to include the resource arbitration as described in UART0
Sample.
One important detail here is that since the component should signal an
event called txDone once a byte has being sent. I tried to do
this by signaling it from another event (also called txDone)
fired by HPLUSART0M (which is used by UART0) through
an interface called HPLUSARTFeedback, but the problem with this
is that the event won't fire up once the byte has being sent.
I finally solved this by signaling the event once I have called the
release command as done in the example (since at this point the data
transfer is done anyways); but I am not sure if I should be
signaling the event without having received the txDone previously.
Apparently this works fine but I was wandering if this the way to go or
there is a better way to achieve this.

Thanks for your advice!
Carlos








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[Tinyos-help] Maximum datarate on CC1000 radio

2006-07-31 Thread venkatesh s
Hi all,

I am working on packet loss and delay measurements. The fact is i need to do this on multi-hop, for which i need to fix the datarates. It seems that when the application is sending 300 packets/minute, out of which i get around 
5.2% loss. The node nearer tothe base station has 0% loss. 
My network chosen was..

 0  1---2The measurements were done on mica2 mote. Also i observed that as the number of motes increased in the range, losses also increased.. Anyone who know the cause or what might be the dataratefor whichthere will be no loss, please let me know.. 



Thanking you,

venkatesh.S
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[Tinyos-help] Re: [Question] about task in book TinyOS Programming

2006-07-31 Thread Hui KANG

Dr. Levis:

There is some question I still can not understand fully.

 2: Second, to prove there exists a call loop, you modify
 Read.readDone as
 in pp 32.
 Herein, it calls Read.read() in Read.readDone(). I agree that in this
 example
 call loop occurs.
 So the modified code in pp 33 post task void readDoneTask() to
 avoid the
 call loop.
 Two problems in this code example:
  (a) In this example, RawRead.readDone (should it be Read.readDone() )
actually does not call Read.read(). If the answer to 1 is yes,
 then it seems
 no improvement by using task. Both have the same effect. The the code
 example in
 pp 33 is not suitable to show the benefit of Task.

Take a look at the code on page 34. The question is not whether the
provider of Read calls Read.read in Read.readDone, but whether the
*user* does. Please look at listing 4.12, entitled Signal handler
that can lead to an infinite loop.

Yes, but in the code example in Listing 4.15( An improved implementation
of
PeriodicReaderC ), the PeriodicReaderC is the user of
Read. It does not call Read.read(). So even we don't use task, call loop
will
not occur. So it is not suitable to show the benefit of task.


  (b) If assuming that the code example in 33 posted Read.read() in
 RawRead.readDone,
 does task avoid the call loop? As said, task can run atomicly to other
 tasks. But
 it is possible that Read.read() preempt to the task. So the call loop
 still exists?


No. Look at the next listing.

I know that task can not preempt each other.
Then can Read.read(), or other sync commands and events preempt to any
task?

 3: What is the difference between task and an ordinary function, like
task void ProcessData() and void ProcessData();
 I am a little bit confused. Thanks.

A function executes immediately. A task executes later.

Phil

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