Re: [Tutor] Can not install pycrypto on Windows 64bit with cygwin(python27)
eryksun (), thanks for your help. I had tried MinGW-w64 today, however, another more errors happen which just like this ( http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6034390/compiling-with-cython-and-mingw-produces-gcc-error-unrecognized-command-line-o ). Another no solution error. First, I tried to remove all instances of -mno-cygwin in distutils\cygwinccompiler.py and got another different error. Second, keep -mno-cygwin in distutils\cygwinccompiler.py, tried a little version of MinGW-w64 ( http://sourceforge.net/projects/mingw-w64/files/Toolchains%20targetting%20Win64/Personal%20Builds/rubenvb/gcc-4.5-release/ ). This time finally kill the error "gcc: error: unrecognized command line option '-mno-cygwin' ", however, got another one "collect2: ld returned 1 exit status" instead. It seems there is no way I can kill all errors. It took me hours and hours to kill those errors, however, there is still another one. I am feeling very depressed. I do not want to install pycrypto any more. :( I hope there will be an easy way to install it in the short future. gk On Sat, Sep 22, 2012 at 2:32 AM, eryksun wrote: > On Fri, Sep 21, 2012 at 12:26 PM, Muse Gk wrote: >> >> I have the very similar problem like this guy except I want to install >> pycrypto ( https://www.dlitz.net/software/pycrypto/ ). >> http://stackoverflow.com/questions/12005109/python-cannot-build-pycpuid > > Try MinGW-w64 running under Windows instead of Cygwin: > > website > http://mingw-w64.sourceforge.net/ > > rubenvb toolchain > http://sourceforge.net/projects/mingw-w64/files/ > Toolchains%20targetting%20Win64/Personal%20Builds/rubenvb/gcc-4.7-release/ > > Shortened URL for the above: > http://goo.gl/Igujs ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] I don't know why this program doesn't run
Thank you so much! That worked!
On 9/21/2012 7:17 PM, Dave Angel wrote:
Hi, you forgot to do a reply-all, so it didn't go to the list. I'm
correcting that now, so don't worry about it. if your email doesn't
support reply-all, then just add a cc of tutor@python.org
On 09/21/2012 08:09 PM, Gina wrote:
On 9/21/2012 6:47 PM, Dave Angel wrote:
On 09/21/2012 07:34 PM, Gina wrote:
I don't know why this program doesn't run, but if you know, please
tell me.
-thanks
So what happens when you try? "Doesn't run" covers a multitude of
possibilities.
First one:
python Car Salesperson.py
python: can't open file 'Car': [Errno 2] No such file or directory
davea@think:~/temppython$
The fix for this one is to put quotes around the script name. Or to
escape the blanks. Or even better to rename the file so it doesn't have
spaces in it.
Please be specific. You're running some OS, you launch some particular
version of Python, you give it some commandline, and you get some
unexpected result. Use a lot of copy/paste and it's not too painful.
I have version 3 of python.
it will let me type in the type of car and then enter
then i type in the base price and when i hit enter, it says error
The problem is in your input statement: base_price = input("What is the
base price?")
input (on Python version 3.x) always returns a string. Sometimes that's
what you want, sometimes it's not. In this case, just change to:
base_price = int(input("What is the base price?"))
This is the error message:
tax = base_price / 25
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for /: 'str' and 'int'
I tried adding int() in front of base_price but it still didn't work
Again, please be specific. If you really tried this:
tax = int() base_price /25
then it naturally won't work. But if you tried
tax = int(base_price) / 25
it should have worked. What error did you get? Did it give the wrong
answer, or another exception traceback?
Anyway, I showed you my preference. Convert data to their final type as
soon as possible after getting it from the user. Not later when you're
trying to use it.
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Re: [Tutor] I don't know why this program doesn't run
Hi, you forgot to do a reply-all, so it didn't go to the list. I'm
correcting that now, so don't worry about it. if your email doesn't
support reply-all, then just add a cc of tutor@python.org
On 09/21/2012 08:09 PM, Gina wrote:
> On 9/21/2012 6:47 PM, Dave Angel wrote:
>> On 09/21/2012 07:34 PM, Gina wrote:
>>> I don't know why this program doesn't run, but if you know, please
>>> tell me.
>>> -thanks
>>>
>> So what happens when you try? "Doesn't run" covers a multitude of
>> possibilities.
>>
>> First one:
>>
>> python Car Salesperson.py
>> python: can't open file 'Car': [Errno 2] No such file or directory
>> davea@think:~/temppython$
>>
>> The fix for this one is to put quotes around the script name. Or to
>> escape the blanks. Or even better to rename the file so it doesn't have
>> spaces in it.
>>
>>
>> Please be specific. You're running some OS, you launch some particular
>> version of Python, you give it some commandline, and you get some
>> unexpected result. Use a lot of copy/paste and it's not too painful.
>>
> I have version 3 of python.
>
> it will let me type in the type of car and then enter
> then i type in the base price and when i hit enter, it says error
>
The problem is in your input statement: base_price = input("What is the
base price?")
input (on Python version 3.x) always returns a string. Sometimes that's
what you want, sometimes it's not. In this case, just change to:
base_price = int(input("What is the base price?"))
> This is the error message:
> tax = base_price / 25
> TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for /: 'str' and 'int'
>
> I tried adding int() in front of base_price but it still didn't work
Again, please be specific. If you really tried this:
tax = int() base_price /25
then it naturally won't work. But if you tried
tax = int(base_price) / 25
it should have worked. What error did you get? Did it give the wrong
answer, or another exception traceback?
Anyway, I showed you my preference. Convert data to their final type as
soon as possible after getting it from the user. Not later when you're
trying to use it.
--
DaveA
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Re: [Tutor] I don't know why this program doesn't run
On 22/09/2012 00:44, Stephen Haywood wrote: What doesn't work? What error message do you get? What have you done to fix the errors? What version of Python are you using? Stephen Haywood Information Security Consultant W: www.averagesecurityguy.info T: @averagesecguy On Sep 21, 2012, at 7:35 PM, Gina wrote: I don't know why this program doesn't run, but if you know, please tell me. -thanks ___ Please don't top post on this list, thanks. -- Cheers. Mark Lawrence. ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] I don't know why this program doesn't run
On 22/09/2012 00:34, Gina wrote:
I don't know why this program doesn't run, but if you know, please tell me.
-thanks
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It helps us to help you if you give your OS, the complete error message
that you get and your version of Python as well as the code. "This
program doesn't run" isn't much to go on. Also putting a small piece of
code inline rather than as an attachment is perfectly acceptable which
I'll do now.
#adds extra fees to the base price of a car.
print(
"""
Car Salesman
Totals the base price of a car with all other fees.
Please enter the requested information, and don't include
change.
"""
)
name = input("What kind of car is it?")
base_price = input("What is the base price?")
tax = base_price / 25
print("Tax: $", tax)
license_fee = base_price // 50
print("The license fee: $", license_fee)
maintenance = 45
print("The maintenance fee: $", maintenance)
insurance = 100
print("The insurance: $", insurance)
total = base_price + tax + license_fee + maintenance + insurance
print("After tax, the license fee, the maintenance fee, and the "
"insurance fee, the ", name, "costs $", total, ".")
input("\n\nPress enter to exit.")
I'll hazard a guess that you're running Python 2.x and you get
What kind of car is it?Royce
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:\Users\Mark\Car Salesperson.py", line 14, in
name = input("What kind of car is it?")
File "", line 1, in
NameError: name 'Royce' is not defined
In which case change the input to raw_input and carry on to the next
error :)
--
Cheers.
Mark Lawrence.
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Re: [Tutor] I don't know why this program doesn't run
On 09/21/2012 07:34 PM, Gina wrote: > I don't know why this program doesn't run, but if you know, please > tell me. > -thanks > So what happens when you try? "Doesn't run" covers a multitude of possibilities. First one: python Car Salesperson.py python: can't open file 'Car': [Errno 2] No such file or directory davea@think:~/temppython$ The fix for this one is to put quotes around the script name. Or to escape the blanks. Or even better to rename the file so it doesn't have spaces in it. Please be specific. You're running some OS, you launch some particular version of Python, you give it some commandline, and you get some unexpected result. Use a lot of copy/paste and it's not too painful. -- DaveA ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] I don't know why this program doesn't run
What doesn't work? What error message do you get? What have you done to fix the errors? What version of Python are you using? Stephen Haywood Information Security Consultant W: www.averagesecurityguy.info T: @averagesecguy On Sep 21, 2012, at 7:35 PM, Gina wrote: > I don't know why this program doesn't run, but if you know, please tell me. > -thanks > > ___ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > To unsubscribe or change subscription options: > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] How can I convert a variable name to a string?
On Sep 21, 2012, at 6:14 AM, Dae James wrote: How can I convert a variable name to a string ? For example: testVariable = 1000; How can I get the string "testVariable" ? Thank you~ Use a dictionary. vars['testVariable'] = 1000 for key in vars: print key print vars[key] -- Dae James ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
[Tutor] I don't know why this program doesn't run
I don't know why this program doesn't run, but if you know, please tell me.
-thanks
#adds extra fees to the base price of a car.
print(
"""
Car Salesman
Totals the base price of a car with all other fees.
Please enter the requested information, and don't include
change.
"""
)
name = input("What kind of car is it?")
base_price = input("What is the base price?")
tax = base_price / 25
print("Tax: $", tax)
license_fee = base_price // 50
print("The license fee: $", license_fee)
maintenance = 45
print("The maintenance fee: $", maintenance)
insurance = 100
print("The insurance: $", insurance)
total = base_price + tax + license_fee + maintenance + insurance
print("After tax, the license fee, the maintenance fee, and the "
"insurance fee, the ", name, "costs $", total, ".")
input("\n\nPress enter to exit.")
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Re: [Tutor] How can I convert a variable name to a string?
On 9/21/2012 2:11 AM Dae James said... How can I convert a variable name to a string ? For example: testVariable = 1000; How can I get the string "testVariable" ? If what you're asking is 'how do I get the value associated with the the string "testVariable"?' then yuo can use something like: locals()["testVariable"] Emile ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Generate array, different results
Pavel Andreev wrote: > Hello all > A question from very beginner. > I generate a simple example array and then print its elements on the screen. > > f=[[0]*3]*3 # array initialization Your problem is above. Let us rewrite the above line as a = [0]*3 f = [a]*3 Variable `a` is a new list with 3 copies of the contents in the list which is 0 (i.e. there are 3 zeros in the new list). There is no problem here because 0 is an immutable (cannot be changed) object. Now in the second line, the variable `f` is a new list with 3 copies of `a`. This basically boils down to the equivalent of: f = [ a for _ in xrange(3) ] # OR f = [ a, a, a ] You can see they are the same object by using is. >>> f[0] is f[1] True `f[0]` and `f[1]` are both bound to the same list object. Since lists are mutable objects, when you change `f[0]` you are actually changing the object underlying `f[1]`. You can fix your problem by the following instead. f = [ [0]*3 for _ in xrange(3) ] > for i in range(3): > for j in range(3): > f[i][j]=str(i)+str(j)# make simple example array > print f[i][j], # print resulting elements > print '\n' > > > 00 01 02 > > 10 11 12 > > 20 21 22 > > > So I generate element in loop and then print it and see all is ok. The reason your loop works initially is that you are setting the value you want immediately before you print it. With each iteration of `i` you are discarding the previous value. You can debug what is happening if you print `f` at each step in the loop instead of `f[i][j]`. It will probably make a lot more sense than my explanation. > But after that if I print the whole generated array, I see different > result with constant first number, as if "i" variable does not vary > and equals to "2". What is wrong? > > >>> print f > > [['20', '21', '22'], ['20', '21', '22'], ['20', '21', '22']] > > I use python 2.7 Feel free to ask for clarification if that explanation did not make sense. This email is confidential and subject to important disclaimers and conditions including on offers for the purchase or sale of securities, accuracy and completeness of information, viruses, confidentiality, legal privilege, and legal entity disclaimers, available at http://www.jpmorgan.com/pages/disclosures/email. ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Generate array, different results
On Fri, Sep 21, 2012 at 2:47 PM, Pavel Andreev wrote: > > f=[[0]*3]*3 # array initialization The above isn't giving you what you want. All 3 sublists are the same object: >>> f = [[0]*3]*3 >>> map(id, f) [149391980, 149391980, 149391980] Do this instead: >>> f = [[0]*3 for i in range(3)] Each iteration in the comprehension creates a new list: >>> map(id, f) [149392364, 149392012, 149392428] ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Help
On Fri, Sep 21, 2012 at 2:46 PM, Brett Dailey wrote: > > It just needs to be scaled to fit into each tile. You can just use one of your > choice as a place holder for now and I'll just put my own in later. I wrote up a version last night. Here's an image of the output: http://i.imgur.com/h4Wcd.png It scales the image (pygame.transform.smoothscale) by the largest of the two scale factors. Thus one dimension fits and the other is potentially oversized. This preserves the aspect ratio. It then crops an area the size of the cell out of the center by blit'ing to a new surface with the pygame.SRCALPHA flag set. mark_image = pygame.Surface(cell_size, flags=pygame.SRCALPHA) mark_image.blit(image, (0,0), areatl + areabr) This preserves transparency in the source image when you blit to a cell. I chose the randomly marked cells like this: num_marks = int(round(0.1 * num_cells)) marked_cells = set(random.sample(xrange(num_cells), num_marks)) To draw the grid, iterate over the rows and columns with a nested for loop. Pick the background color out of a list of 2 colors. The index is simply (row + col) % 2. As col increments in the inner loop, the value toggles between 0 and 1. Then when it gets to the next row (i.e. row += 1), the pattern shifts by 1. If the current cell number is in marked_cells, blit the image also. My implementation uses a Board class with the following methods: __init__, update, update_image, set_marks, and draw. It also has two class attributes: bgcolor and cell_colors. The image I chose is a standard Gnome emoticon. Here's the icon's path in my Debian installation: /usr/share/icons/gnome/256x256/emotes/face-cool.png ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Unzipping a Zip of folders that have zips within them that I'd like to unzip all at once.
>
> You need to add the folder where python.exe is to your PATH variable.
I just realized the path we're heading down here isn't going to work.
I need on .py file to be up an running so that I can add it to my tool
in ArcGIS.
>
> Oscar
I appreciate the help Oscar, and I believe it would work that way, but...
I need on .py file to be up an running so that I can add it to my tool
in ArcGIS.
I would like to revise my question and add some more specifics.
I must use Python 2.6!
This is a task that I really want to automate, the situation is static
and once I create this, I'll be golden (good).
I must create one, stand alone script (in Idle, I hope) that will:
1. Unzip a single original zipfile (in_Zip) to the contents of the
folder that the zipfile currently resides.
2. Go to the unique (NON ZIPPED) folders (actually student usernames
'aforker', 'allisw99', 'btaylor7', etc) that result from step 1.
(there may be anywhere from 1 to 40 of these unique student folders)
3. Within each unique folder ('aforker', 'allisw99', 'btaylor7', etc)
extract any and all (could be none, could be 3 or 4) .zip files
within, to their relative aforementioned unique folders ('aforker',
'allisw99', 'btaylor7', etc), while 'navigating' i.e. not getting hung
up on possible .pdf or docx files that may or may not reside in the
unique folders ('aforker', 'allisw99', 'btaylor7', etc)
This is what I've got so far: (and it 'works') (I'll modify later so
that I do not need to hard-code the original zipfile (in_Zip))
---
import os, os.path, zipfile inZip =
r'D:\D_Drive_Documents\Student_Work_Sample_usecopy1\2012-09-18
Lab_2.zip'
outDir = r"D:\D_Drive_Documents\Student_Work_Sample_usecopy1"
z = zipfile.ZipFile(in_Zip,'a')
z.extractall(outDir)
zipContents = z.namelist()
print zipContents
z.close
It works, I get the following in the Python Shell:
'>>> RESTART '
'>>>'
['Lab_2/aforker/', 'Lab_2/aforker/aforker_Lab2.zip',
'Lab_2/allisw99/', 'Lab_2/allisw99/allisw99_Lab2.zip',
'Lab_2/allisw99/allisw99_Lab2_Bonus.pdf', 'Lab_2/allisw992/',
'Lab_2/allisw992/allisw99_Lab2_Bonus.pdf', 'Lab_2/btaylor7/',
'Lab_2/btaylor7/2nd_btaylor7_Lab2.zip',
'Lab_2/btaylor7/btaylor7_Lab2.zip', 'Lab_2/']
'>>> '
But, what I can't figure out is how to get 'into' each unique folder:
aforker, allisw99, etc. and then extract any and all zips within
'aforker', 'allisw99', etc.
I have no doubt that the suggestions posted here will work, but they
all seem to get away from a single .py file and
a) I can't get them to work, and
b) it doesn't really help me because I need ONE stand alone .py file
to make this all work in ArcGIS.
I will be using this to create an ArcGIS 'tool' that requires one
script (at least for me to comprehend it) :-)
Thank you in advance for any and all suggestions, tips etc.
For the record, I did try the following (to at least try
something) at the bottom of the code above:
---
for item in zipContents:
itemLoc = os.path.join(outDir,item)
y = zipfile.ZipFile(itemLoc,'a')
y.extractall(os.path.aplit(itemLoc)[0])
y.close
but I get the following error:
Traceback (most recent call last): File
"D:\D_Drive_Documents\Scripts\Unzip_a_zip_of_zips\Scripts\unzip_a_zip.py",
line 50, in y = zipfile.ZipFile(itemLoc,'a') File
"C:\Python26\ArcGIS10.0\lib\zipfile.py", line 687, in init self.fp =
open(file, modeDict[mode]) IOError: [Errno 13] Permission denied:
'D:\D_Drive_Documents\Student_Work_Sample_usecopy1\Lab_2/aforker/'
I guess my first issue is to resolve the 'Permission denied' problem.
And, I know I need an 'if' statement, somehow...
thanks in advance for any and all input!
Greg
PS, neophyte/rookie, trying to keep it simple. This is not my normal
daily task (good thing, right?)
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[Tutor] Generate array, different results
Hello all A question from very beginner. I generate a simple example array and then print its elements on the screen. f=[[0]*3]*3 # array initialization for i in range(3): for j in range(3): f[i][j]=str(i)+str(j)# make simple example array print f[i][j], # print resulting elements print '\n' 00 01 02 10 11 12 20 21 22 So I generate element in loop and then print it and see all is ok. But after that if I print the whole generated array, I see different result with constant first number, as if "i" variable does not vary and equals to "2". What is wrong? >>> print f [['20', '21', '22'], ['20', '21', '22'], ['20', '21', '22']] I use python 2.7 ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Can not install pycrypto on Windows 64bit with cygwin(python27)
On Fri, Sep 21, 2012 at 12:26 PM, Muse Gk wrote: > > I have the very similar problem like this guy except I want to install > pycrypto ( https://www.dlitz.net/software/pycrypto/ ). > http://stackoverflow.com/questions/12005109/python-cannot-build-pycpuid Try MinGW-w64 running under Windows instead of Cygwin: website http://mingw-w64.sourceforge.net/ rubenvb toolchain http://sourceforge.net/projects/mingw-w64/files/ Toolchains%20targetting%20Win64/Personal%20Builds/rubenvb/gcc-4.7-release/ Shortened URL for the above: http://goo.gl/Igujs ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
[Tutor] Can not install pycrypto on Windows 64bit with cygwin(python27)
Friends, I have the very similar problem like this guy except I want to install pycrypto ( https://www.dlitz.net/software/pycrypto/ ). http://stackoverflow.com/questions/12005109/python-cannot-build-pycpuid We had done enough researches on Google, still can not get a solution. Could some friends here give me or us a solution? Thanks in advance. BTW, English is not first language and I am not good at writing or speaking in English, however reading is not a problems. So hope no words make you confused. gk ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] np array.any() question
> To summarize, > with a numpy array called a, the OP is getting an error doing: > > (3 < a < 5).any() > >> ... > > I think not. The last expression you give will even return true if one > of the values is > 3 and a DIFFERENT value is < 5. And i suspect the > OP only wants a TRUE if at least one item in the array is between 3 and 5. > > I know nothing about numpy, but does it have a way to do an element-wise > AND of two bool arrays of the same size? Maybe it's a function call and > not 'and' Or maybe it's the & operator or something. Yes, numpy does have a function like this: numpy.all() [ "and" function ] numpy.any() [ "or" function ] > I find the operator overloading i've seen in numpy to be very confusing, > so I haven't tried to download it and try it out. Maybe if I read the > docs directly, instead of just seeing examples and problems here, I'd > think differently. here you go :) http://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.all.html#numpy.all http://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.any.html#numpy.any you can ask if any satisfy the conditions and return true if 1+ are true: >>> a = numpy.array([ 7., 1., 1., 1., 2., 4., 0., 7., 6., >>> 10.]) >>> numpy.any([ 3 < a, a < 5]) True >>> numpy.all([ 3 < a, a < 5]) False or you can ask for an array back telling you which are true and which false: >>> numpy.any([ 3 < a, a < 5], axis=0) array([ True, True, True, True, True, True, True, True, True, True], dtype=bool) >>> numpy.any([ 3 < a, a < 5], axis=0) array([False, False, False, False, False, True, False, False, False, False], dtype=bool) Note you are not limited to just comparing two arrays, but can compare as many as you like. To the OP: in this case, google (insert whatever search engine you like) is your friend. A good first bet is if there is some operation you like in python, other people like it also, and someone has taken the time to make a numpy version which acts element-wise on equal sized arrays. Andre ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] np array.any() question
On 09/21/2012 11:25 AM, Steven D'Aprano wrote: > On 22/09/12 01:07, Bala subramanian wrote: >> Friends, >> May i know why do get a Valuerror if i check any value in a is between >> 3.0 to 5.0 ? To summarize, with a numpy array called a, the OP is getting an error doing: (3 < a < 5).any() > This tries to calculate: > > (3 < a) and (a < 5) > > py> 3 < a > array([False, False, False, True, True, True], dtype=bool) > py> a < 5 > array([ True, True, True, True, True, False], dtype=bool) > > but combining them with the "and" operator is ambiguous: > > py> (3 < a) and (a < 5) > Traceback (most recent call last): > File "", line 1, in > ValueError: The truth value of an array with more than one element > is ambiguous. Use a.any() or a.all() > > Since the boolean "and" of the two arrays never gets calculated, > the any method never gets called. You could do: > > > py> (3 < a).any() and (a < 5).any() > True > > which I think does what you want. > I think not. The last expression you give will even return true if one of the values is > 3 and a DIFFERENT value is < 5. And i suspect the OP only wants a TRUE if at least one item in the array is between 3 and 5. I know nothing about numpy, but does it have a way to do an element-wise AND of two bool arrays of the same size? Maybe it's a function call and not 'and' Or maybe it's the & operator or something. I find the operator overloading i've seen in numpy to be very confusing, so I haven't tried to download it and try it out. Maybe if I read the docs directly, instead of just seeing examples and problems here, I'd think differently. -- DaveA ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Help
On 22/09/12 01:18, Jerry Hill wrote: On Fri, Sep 21, 2012 at 10:33 AM, Prasad, Ramit wrote: Ironically, that describes me. So what is the preference for large code samples? Just always include it? What about for the main list? It's tricky. Ideally, you need to take your large code base, and reduce it into a short piece of sample code that is runnable and reproduces your issue. +1 on this. See also: http://sscce.org/ But, suppose you try really hard, and the shortest you can get your code down is 200 lines (for example). What then? There is no good answer. Speaking for myself, I would prefer that you attach the file to your email. But others will be unhappy if you do that, and will prefer that you use a pastebin. But if you use a pastebin, I will be unhappy (I am probably not the only one). So whatever you do, you will make somebody unhappy. Oh well, that's life. In many cases, the act of trimming your code down to that form will actually cause you to find the answer to your own question without even needing to send it. This process is sometimes known as "rubber ducking" -- http://www.codinghorror.com/blog/2012/03/rubber-duck-problem-solving.html I can't count the number of times that I've had a problem, decided to send it to a mailing list for help, and in the process of fully describing the problem I'm having, come up with the solution without even having to send the email. I second that. Just the other day, I was puzzling over how to do something in Python, involving the signal module. By the time I had written a *short* (less than twenty lines) example showing what I was trying to do, I had worked out how to do it and didn't need to send the email. This was not an unusual case. -- Steven ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] np array.any() question
On Sep 21, 2012 4:09 PM, "Bala subramanian" wrote: > > Friends, > May i know why do get a Valuerror if i check any value in a is between > 3.0 to 5.0 ? > >>> import numpy as np > >>> a=np.array([ 2.5, 2.6, 3.0 , 3.5, 4.0 , 5.0 ]) > >>> (a > 7).any() > False > >>> (a > 4).any() > True > >>> (3 < a < 5).any() > Traceback (most recent call last): > File "", line 1, in > ValueError: The truth value of an array with more than one element is > ambiguous. Use a.any() or a.all() You need to use ((3 < a) & (a <5)).any() The problem is not with any(). The problem is that the multiple binary comparison needs to convert its intermediate results to bool. So (3 < a < 5) is processed as: (3 < a) and (a < 5) To process the 'and' operator python needs to know if the first expression is True. This means calling bool(3 < a). But, since (3 < a) is an array of booleans it cannot be said to be True or False. This is what gives the ValueError that you see. If you use bitwise-and '&' instead of logical-and 'and' it will perform the and operation separately on each element of each array which is what you want. Oscar ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] np array.any() question
On 22/09/12 01:07, Bala subramanian wrote: Friends, May i know why do get a Valuerror if i check any value in a is between 3.0 to 5.0 ? import numpy as np a=np.array([ 2.5, 2.6, 3.0 , 3.5, 4.0 , 5.0 ]) (a> 7).any() False This calculates an array of bools, then calls any() on it. py> a > 7 array([False, False, False, False, False, False], dtype=bool) py> (a > 7).any() False (a> 4).any() True This also builds an array of bools, then calls any(): py> a > 4 array([False, False, False, False, False, True], dtype=bool) py> (a > 4).any() True (3< a< 5).any() Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in ValueError: The truth value of an array with more than one element is ambiguous. Use a.any() or a.all() This tries to calculate: (3 < a) and (a < 5) py> 3 < a array([False, False, False, True, True, True], dtype=bool) py> a < 5 array([ True, True, True, True, True, False], dtype=bool) but combining them with the "and" operator is ambiguous: py> (3 < a) and (a < 5) Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in ValueError: The truth value of an array with more than one element is ambiguous. Use a.any() or a.all() Since the boolean "and" of the two arrays never gets calculated, the any method never gets called. You could do: py> (3 < a).any() and (a < 5).any() True which I think does what you want. -- Steven ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Help
On Fri, Sep 21, 2012 at 10:33 AM, Prasad, Ramit wrote: > Ironically, that describes me. So what is the preference for large > code samples? Just always include it? What about for the main list? It's tricky. Ideally, you need to take your large code base, and reduce it into a short piece of sample code that is runnable and reproduces your issue. Yes, this can be hard to do, and yes, it can take a lot of time. It should be as short as possible, trimming out all of the extraneous functions and calls. It needs to be short enough that someone interested can actually read it and understand what you're trying to accomplish. It needs to be long enough to actually demonstrate the problem you're having. It's worth the trouble though -- anything longer than a page or two of code is going to get glossed over by many readers -- they just don't have time to read and understand your code, see where you're having a problem and diagnose the issue for you. You're much more likely to get help with a 10 or 20 line sample than with a 100 or 200 line one, much less something that's thousands of lines of code. The people here are volunteers -- the best way to engage them in your problem is to be respectful of their time. Often, that means spending extra time of your own to save their time. In many cases, the act of trimming your code down to that form will actually cause you to find the answer to your own question without even needing to send it. This process is sometimes known as "rubber ducking" -- http://www.codinghorror.com/blog/2012/03/rubber-duck-problem-solving.html I can't count the number of times that I've had a problem, decided to send it to a mailing list for help, and in the process of fully describing the problem I'm having, come up with the solution without even having to send the email. -- Jerry ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] application whitelisting
On 21/09/12 20:51, Albert-Jan Roskam wrote: Hi, My company just started application whitelisting. Now a new version of a (benign!!) dll does not work as it (or rather, its file hash, if I understood it correctly) is not whitelisted. Then get it whitelisted. If your company doesn't have the ability to update the whitelist when your software updates, it's even more stupid than it seems. Application whitelisting is a poor idea. The first time you run a Windows update, *everything will break*. Unless of course you trust software from Microsoft -- or rather, you trust software that you *think* is from Microsoft. So right there you have a vulnerability: any malware that can steal a certificate, or sign up for a "legitimate" certificate, will be trusted. Whitelisting doesn't protect you from infected PDF files, buffer overflows, code injection attacks, XSS attacks, Flash, etc. It's yet another buzzword that *at best* will temporarily protect you from a few threats while doing absolutely nothing about solving the actual problem. The code below is probably simplistic/naive, but it's a product of my frustration + curiosity. The strategy was to generate a dll that has the same file hash as the original dll by right-padding it with zero until the desired checksum is found. Why a zero? No idea. ;-) It's worse than that. If the application whitelist is using md5 (and wanna bet that at least 50% of the commercial whitelist software out there is?), then it is already broken. An attacker can easily take an arbitrary application, and generate a new application with the same MD5 sum and the same length, differing by 128 bytes. http://www.mscs.dal.ca/~selinger/md5collision/ Is 128 bytes enough to compromise the application and turn it into an attack tool? I don't know, but probably. -- Steven ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Help
Steven D'Aprano wrote: > On 21/09/12 08:54, Prasad, Ramit wrote: > > People on this list are not all receiving this via email. > > > They're not? How else can you receive this? Unlike the main python-list, > this isn't (as far as I know) mirrored on Usenet. > > I wonder under what circumstances people could read this email without > seeing any attachments. My mistake, I was under the impression it was mirrored on Usenet. > > > > It is > > recommended that you post 1. plain text (instead of Rich Text or HTML) > > Agreed. > > > 2. Just include the code directly in the email if it is short (which this > > is) > > Agreed. > > >or post to a website like pastebin for large samples. > > Not agreed. Pastebins expire, or their websites disappear. In three > months or three years, code pasted to a bin will probably no longer exist > and nobody reading this thread via the web archives will have any clue > what is being talked about. > > Also, some people will be reading this thread via email but be behind a > firewall that limits their access to the web so that they cannot reach > the pastebin. > Ironically, that describes me. So what is the preference for large code samples? Just always include it? What about for the main list? This email is confidential and subject to important disclaimers and conditions including on offers for the purchase or sale of securities, accuracy and completeness of information, viruses, confidentiality, legal privilege, and legal entity disclaimers, available at http://www.jpmorgan.com/pages/disclosures/email. ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Question about lists
On Fri, Sep 21, 2012 at 3:31 PM, Leo Degon wrote: > I'm trying to create a class where the main focus is creating a list whose > elements are lists and the elements of those lists are collection of zeros > and ones. I am trying to create functions to rotate the list ninety > degrees, to reflect it. Having a few problems with the rotation. > get TypeError: 'list' object is not callable > > def pset(n): > for i in n: > print(i) > class board(): > def make(self,size): > b=[] > for i in range(size[0]): > b.append([]) > for j in range(size[1]): > b[i].append(0) > return b > > def rotate(self,board,size): > size[0],size[1]=size[1],size[0] > new=board(size) > lists=[] > for j in range(size[1]): > lists.append([]) > for i in range(size[0]).__reversed__(): > lists[j].append(board[i][j]) > for i in range(size[1]): > for j in range(size[0]): > new.board[i,j]=lists[i,j] > return(new.board) > def __init__(self,size): > self.size=size > self.board=self.make(size) > y=[7,7] > x=board(y) > pset(x.board) > x.board[0][0]=1 > print() > pset(x.board) > print() > x.board=x.rotate(x.board,x.size) > pset(x.board) > print() > > Please always include a full traceback, it makes the error much more obvious. For example, running your code I get: >>> [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] () [1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] () Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:/Users/hugo/Downloads/test.py", line 35, in x.board=x.rotate(x.board,x.size) File "C:/Users/hugo/Downloads/test.py", line 15, in rotate new=board(size) TypeError: 'list' object is not callable >>> This makes it fairly obvious what is going on. in the rotate function, you have an argument called board, and your class is also called board. You can't have the same name refer to two different things. What happens is that the argument "masks" the class, making it inaccessible. I should also say it is very confusing to have a class called board with an attribute that is also called board. You should think about naming your variables more clearly to minimize confusion. HTH, Hugo ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Question about lists
Leo Degon wrote: > I'm trying to create a class where the main focus is creating a list whose > elements are lists and the elements of those lists are collection of zeros > and ones. I am trying to create functions to rotate the list ninety > degrees, to reflect it. Having a few problems with the rotation. > get TypeError: 'list' object is not callable > > def pset(n): > for i in n: > print(i) > class board(): > def make(self,size): > b=[] > for i in range(size[0]): > b.append([]) > for j in range(size[1]): > b[i].append(0) > return b > > def rotate(self,board,size): The local parameter "board" shades the class with the same name, > size[0],size[1]=size[1],size[0] > new=board(size) so here you are not making a new board instance but instead trying to call the board parameter which is a list. To fix this problem you have to rename the parameter or the class. I recommend that you rename the class to Board (by convention class names start with an uppercase letter). As to the parameter board, you actually don't need it at all -- you can instead make the board attribute of the new Board instance a rotated version of self.board. (There are more bugs in your code, but I suggest you tackle them one at a time. Come back here if you need help fixing them) > lists=[] > for j in range(size[1]): > lists.append([]) > for i in range(size[0]).__reversed__(): > lists[j].append(board[i][j]) > for i in range(size[1]): > for j in range(size[0]): > new.board[i,j]=lists[i,j] > return(new.board) > def __init__(self,size): > self.size=size > self.board=self.make(size) > y=[7,7] > x=board(y) > pset(x.board) > x.board[0][0]=1 > print() > pset(x.board) > print() > x.board=x.rotate(x.board,x.size) > pset(x.board) > print() ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] How can I convert a variable name to a string?
On 21/09/12 19:11, Dae James wrote: How can I convert a variable name to a string ? For example: testVariable = 1000; How can I get the string "testVariable" ? You can't. Any value could have zero, one or many names, and there is no way to go backwards from the object to the name. What are you trying to do that you think you need this? -- Steven ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Question about lists
On 09/21/2012 09:31 AM, Leo Degon wrote: > I'm trying to create a class where the main focus is creating a list whose > elements are lists and the elements of those lists are collection of zeros > and ones. I am trying to create functions to rotate the list ninety > degrees, to reflect it. Having a few problems with the rotation. > get TypeError: 'list' object is not callable Where is the rest of the error message? And don't forget to mention which Python version you're using. > def pset(n): > for i in n: > print(i) > class board(): One Python convention which would have helped here is to use capital for the class name, Board Another one is to put __init__ first, since that tells us what instance attributes you'll be using, and how they're initialized. > def make(self,size): > b=[] > for i in range(size[0]): > b.append([]) > for j in range(size[1]): > b[i].append(0) > return b > > def rotate(self,board,size): You've now defined a new local called board, which shadows the class name board. Is there a reason you didn't use self.board ? As it's presently coded, this method doesn't seem to use any instance attributes. > size[0],size[1]=size[1],size[0] > new=board(size) > lists=[] > for j in range(size[1]): > lists.append([]) > for i in range(size[0]).__reversed__(): > lists[j].append(board[i][j]) > for i in range(size[1]): > for j in range(size[0]): > new.board[i,j]=lists[i,j] > return(new.board) > def __init__(self,size): > self.size=size > self.board=self.make(size) > y=[7,7] > x=board(y) > pset(x.board) > x.board[0][0]=1 > print() > pset(x.board) > print() > x.board=x.rotate(x.board,x.size) > pset(x.board) > print() > > -- DaveA ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
[Tutor] Question about lists
I'm trying to create a class where the main focus is creating a list whose elements are lists and the elements of those lists are collection of zeros and ones. I am trying to create functions to rotate the list ninety degrees, to reflect it. Having a few problems with the rotation. get TypeError: 'list' object is not callable def pset(n): for i in n: print(i) class board(): def make(self,size): b=[] for i in range(size[0]): b.append([]) for j in range(size[1]): b[i].append(0) return b def rotate(self,board,size): size[0],size[1]=size[1],size[0] new=board(size) lists=[] for j in range(size[1]): lists.append([]) for i in range(size[0]).__reversed__(): lists[j].append(board[i][j]) for i in range(size[1]): for j in range(size[0]): new.board[i,j]=lists[i,j] return(new.board) def __init__(self,size): self.size=size self.board=self.make(size) y=[7,7] x=board(y) pset(x.board) x.board[0][0]=1 print() pset(x.board) print() x.board=x.rotate(x.board,x.size) pset(x.board) print() ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] application whitelisting
On Fri, Sep 21, 2012 at 2:19 PM, Peter Otten <__pete...@web.de> wrote: > > Here's a back-of-the-envelope calculation: > > '4151e067c17a753fc5c4ec1c507d28c9' is a hexadecimal number with 32 digits, > otherwise known as > > 340282366920938463463374607431768211456L > > If you are trying to hit that number using random additions to your file > you > can expect success after (that number)/2 attempts. Assuming you try 10 > million additions per second that will take about > > >>> (16**32//2)/(10**7 * 60 * 60 * 24 * 365) > 539514153540300709448526L > > years. > > But you are lucky, md5 has been cracked. I don't know if there is a > practical way to create a document with the same hash for any given hash > though, so as a starting point I refer you to As a short answer, there is no practical way to do this (there is a theoretical one, but it's still computationally infeasible). There is a way to generate two files (e.g. an innocent one and an evil one) with identical md5 hashes just by appending a few thousand bytes to each file. If you get the innocent file accepted into the whitelist both will work. At that point it's easier to just get the ctypes dll on the whitelist itself though, since it is innocent anyway. ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] application whitelisting
Albert-Jan Roskam wrote:
> Hi,
>
> My company just started application whitelisting. Now a new version of a
> (benign!!) dll does not work as it (or rather, its file hash, if I
> understood it correctly) is not whitelisted. Is there any way I can use
> the same dll of a newer version? I know this sounds like a hacking
> request, but my intentions are sincere. My only purpose is to use ctypes
> to use the functions that are present in the new, but not the old, dll
> version.
>
>
> The code below is probably simplistic/naive, but it's a product of my
> frustration + curiosity. The strategy was to generate a dll that has the
> same file hash as the original dll by right-padding it with zero until the
> desired checksum is found. Why a zero? No idea. ;-)
>
> PS: I guess virtual environment also cannot be used for this, right?
>
>
> import hashlib
> import contextlib
>
> def generateFile(infile, desired_hash, hashtype="md5"):
> outfile = infile[:-4] + "_adjusted.dll"
> hashlib_ = hashlib.new(hashtype)
> with contextlib.nested(open(infile, "rb"), open(outfile, "wb")) as (f_in,
> f_out): observed_hash = hashlib_(f_in.read())
> found = observed_hash.hexdigest() == desired_hash
> counter = 0
> while True:
> counter += 1
> observed_hash.update("0")
> if found:
> f_out.write(f_in.read() + (counter * "0"))
> print "Got it: '%s'" f_out.name
> break
>
> infile = r"D:\temp\myown.dll"
> generateFile(infile, '4151e067c17a753fc5c4ec1c507d28c9')
Here's a back-of-the-envelope calculation:
'4151e067c17a753fc5c4ec1c507d28c9' is a hexadecimal number with 32 digits,
otherwise known as
340282366920938463463374607431768211456L
If you are trying to hit that number using random additions to your file you
can expect success after (that number)/2 attempts. Assuming you try 10
million additions per second that will take about
>>> (16**32//2)/(10**7 * 60 * 60 * 24 * 365)
539514153540300709448526L
years.
But you are lucky, md5 has been cracked. I don't know if there is a
practical way to create a document with the same hash for any given hash
though, so as a starting point I refer you to
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Md5
Looking forward to see your final script...
Or you think a bit out of the box and ask for the required dll to be put on
the whitelist.
___
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Re: [Tutor] application whitelisting
On 09/21/2012 06:51 AM, Albert-Jan Roskam wrote:
> Hi,
>
> My company just started application whitelisting. Now a new version of a
> (benign!!) dll does not work as it (or rather, its file hash, if I understood
> it correctly) is not whitelisted. Is there any way I can use the same dll of
> a newer version? I know this sounds like a hacking request, but my intentions
> are sincere. My only purpose is to use ctypes to use the functions that are
> present in the new, but not the old, dll version.
>
>
> The code below is probably simplistic/naive, but it's a product of my
> frustration + curiosity. The strategy was to generate a dll that has the same
> file hash as the original dll by right-padding it with zero until the desired
> checksum is found. Why a zero? No idea. ;-)
Two catches I can think of: 1) any decent white-lister would have both
a hashcode and a size for each file it's protecting. 2) On the average,
you'll be adding more bytes to that file than exist in all the disks of
all the computers in the solar system, MANY times over. (The number in
decimal has something like 40 digits in it)
> PS: I guess virtual environment also cannot be used for this, right?
>
Not as far as I know, but there are many others much more familiar with
python virtual environment.
If this were my problem, and if i had sufficient rights on the machine,
I'd install a Virtual Machine, and run things there. But of course
you'd have to get that past the white-listers.
> import hashlib
> import contextlib
>
> def generateFile(infile, desired_hash, hashtype="md5"):
> outfile = infile[:-4] + "_adjusted.dll"
> hashlib_ = hashlib.new(hashtype)
> with contextlib.nested(open(infile, "rb"), open(outfile, "wb")) as (f_in,
> f_out):
> observed_hash = hashlib_(f_in.read())
> found = observed_hash.hexdigest() == desired_hash
> counter = 0
> while True:
> counter += 1
> observed_hash.update("0")
> if found:
> f_out.write(f_in.read() + (counter * "0"))
This limits file size to what will fit in memory in a single string.
Assuming you have millions of petabytes of disk space and only a few
gigabytes of available RAM, you should write a loop for the counter
bytes, perhaps chunking it for compromise between memory and speed. If
the numbers weren't SO huge, and if you were running on Linux, perhaps a
sparse file would save both a lot of time and a lot of actual disk
space. I have no experience with them, however -- it'd be fun to learn.
> print "Got it: '%s'" f_out.name
> break
>
> infile = r"D:\temp\myown.dll"
> generateFile(infile, '4151e067c17a753fc5c4ec1c507d28c9')
>
There are known ways to break md5; it's no longer considered
cryptographically secure. But a trial and error method will take way
too long and this particular trial and error method will also take way
too much disk space. Still, I'm surprised the creators of the whitelist
didn't use sha1 or sha256.
Two practical methods: 1) run it on your own machine, not under their
control 2) convince them to add your particular dll to their whitelist.
--
DaveA
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Re: [Tutor] How can I convert a variable name to a string?
On Fri, Sep 21, 2012 at 11:11 AM, Dae James wrote: > ** > How can I convert a variable name to a string ? > For example: > testVariable = 1000; > How can I get the string "testVariable" ? > Thank you~ > > Well, the locals() dictionary will have a "testVariable" entry in it.. but if I may ask, why would you want to do this? I see no reason this would ever be necessary. Hugo ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
[Tutor] application whitelisting
Hi,
My company just started application whitelisting. Now a new version of a
(benign!!) dll does not work as it (or rather, its file hash, if I understood
it correctly) is not whitelisted. Is there any way I can use the same dll of a
newer version? I know this sounds like a hacking request, but my intentions are
sincere. My only purpose is to use ctypes to use the functions that are present
in the new, but not the old, dll version.
The code below is probably simplistic/naive, but it's a product of my
frustration + curiosity. The strategy was to generate a dll that has the same
file hash as the original dll by right-padding it with zero until the desired
checksum is found. Why a zero? No idea. ;-)
PS: I guess virtual environment also cannot be used for this, right?
import hashlib
import contextlib
def generateFile(infile, desired_hash, hashtype="md5"):
outfile = infile[:-4] + "_adjusted.dll"
hashlib_ = hashlib.new(hashtype)
with contextlib.nested(open(infile, "rb"), open(outfile, "wb")) as (f_in,
f_out):
observed_hash = hashlib_(f_in.read())
found = observed_hash.hexdigest() == desired_hash
counter = 0
while True:
counter += 1
observed_hash.update("0")
if found:
f_out.write(f_in.read() + (counter * "0"))
print "Got it: '%s'" f_out.name
break
infile = r"D:\temp\myown.dll"
generateFile(infile, '4151e067c17a753fc5c4ec1c507d28c9')
Regards,
Albert-Jan
~~
All right, but apart from the sanitation, the medicine, education, wine, public
order, irrigation, roads, a
fresh water system, and public health, what have the Romans ever done for us?
~~ ___
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[Tutor] How can I convert a variable name to a string?
How can I convert a variable name to a string ? For example: testVariable = 1000; How can I get the string "testVariable" ? Thank you~ Dae James___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
