Re: [Tutor] Does the secrets module in Python 3.6 use a hardware RNG like that provided in Intel CPUs?
Hi Simon, On Fri, Mar 09, 2018 at 10:07:14PM +, Simon Connah via Tutor wrote: > Hi, > I was reading through the secrets documentation in Python 3.6 and > noticed that it uses /dev/urandom but I'm unsure if that means it'll > use a hardware RNG or just one provided by the operating system (Linux > / Windows / etc) in software. Getting cryptographic-quality random numbers right is very hard, and that's not something which the Python core developers have either the experience or desire to do. So the secrets module is an interface to the operating system's source of randomness. If your operating system uses a hardware RNG for /dev/urandom (or the equivalent for Windows), then so will the secrets module. If it doesn't, then neither will secrets. In other words, Python trusts the operating system. Generally speaking, most people should too. Most major operating systems, including Windows, Linux, OS X, and various Unixes have well-respected RNGs which are generally considered secure. But of course there's a lot we don't know about the state of the art of *secret* crypto research and the capabilities of major government intelligence agencies. What little we do know, we can thank a handful of people like Edward Snowden and a few other unnamed whistle-blowers who have leaked NSA documents. And flaws could be discovered at any time. Naturally, if a flaw is discovered, the secrets module cannot magically patch it or replace the software with something else. That's up to the operating system. > The question is is it possible to > determine the source of the randomness from os.urandom if there was > ever a flaw found in a particular hardware RNG? You have to ask your OS developers about that, but the secrets module doesn't support anything like that. It can't peer inside the OS and determine how os.urandom works. Certainly you are right to be cautious about hardware RNGs. Back in 2013 it has become clear that the NSA at least (if not other intelligence agencies) have compromised or inserted backdoors into many if not all hardware-based RNGs in common use: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/06/us/nsa-foils-much-internet-encryption.html?pagewanted=all So if you are using a commercially available hardware RNG, you should assume that the Five Eyes countries (the USA, UK, Australia, Canada and New Zealand) have compromised it. In the case of Linux, at least, /dev/urandom will use the output of the hardware RNG, but it is mixed in with other sources of cryptographically strong randomness and is believed to be safe. https://plus.google.com/+TheodoreTso/posts/SDcoemc9V3J > I'm > just a bit curious about the whole "will always use the strongest > source for pseudo-random numbers" when research could change that > assumption overnight based on discovered flaws. The full quote is: "The secrets module provides access to the most secure source of randomness THAT YOUR OPERATING SYSTEM PROVIDES." [emphasis added] https://docs.python.org/3/library/secrets.html So don't imagine that the secrets module has access to the cutting edge classified crypto technology used by the NSA :-) If you have any other questions, please feel free to ask on the mailing list, and I will do my best to answer. By the way, I am the author of the secrets module: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0506/ If you haven't already read the PEP (Python Enhancement Proposal), you should, it contains a lot of background for why the secrets module was invented. > This is probably a > really stupid question and if it is I apologise but I'm somewhat > confused. No need to apologise! Hope I cleared up your confusion, and if not, please feel free to ask anything else that concerns you. Regards, -- Steve ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
[Tutor] help with code
Hi, I wondered if there is someone that can help me with this code. Thank you,
Leslie
## Text menu in Python
def print_menu(): ## Your menu design here
print 30 * "-" , "MENU" , 30 * "-"
print "1. Menu login 1"
print "2. Menu create an account 2"
print "3. Menu list all accounts 3"
print "4. Quit"
print 67 * "-"
loop!=4
while loop: ## While loop which will keep going until loop = False
print_menu()## Displays menu
choice = input("Enter your choice [1-4]: ")
if choice==1:"Menu login 1"
count = 0
while True:
def User():
login = raw_input("Enter login name: ")
passw = raw_input("Enter password: ")
# check if user exists and login matches password
if login in users and users[login] == passw:
print "\nLogin successful!\n"
else:
print "\nUser doesn't exist or wrong password!\n"
if choice == 3:
print("Too many attempts.")
exit()
for val in "string":
if val == "i":
break
print(val)
print("The end")
if choice==2:
print " Menu create an account 2"
def main():
register()
def register():
username = input("Please input your desired username ")
password = input("Please input your desired password ")
if not username or not password:
print "Enter a valid username and password..."
users = c.get_all_users()
userList = users['list_users_response']['list_users_result']['users']
if username in userList:
print "username already exist"
else:
# I just want to create if fields are not empty and if username
dont exist
c.create_user(username)
file = open("credential.txt","a")
file.write(username)
file.write(" ")
file.write(password)
file.close()
login()
if choice==3:
def login():
check = open("credential.txt","r")
username = input("Please enter your username")
password = input("Please enter your password")
def thank_you():
print("Thank you for signing up at our website!.")
elif choice == "q":
exit()
Sent from Mail for Windows 10
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Re: [Tutor] help with code
On Sat, Mar 10, 2018 at 11:20 PM, Leslie SimondeMontfort via Tutor <
tutor@python.org> wrote:
> Hi, I wondered if there is someone that can help me with this code. Thank
> you, Leslie
>
> ## Text menu in Python
>
> def print_menu(): ## Your menu design here
> print 30 * "-" , "MENU" , 30 * "-"
> print "1. Menu login 1"
> print "2. Menu create an account 2"
> print "3. Menu list all accounts 3"
> print "4. Quit"
> print 67 * "-"
>
> loop!=4
>
> while loop: ## While loop which will keep going until loop = False
> print_menu()## Displays menu
> choice = input("Enter your choice [1-4]: ")
>
> if choice==1:"Menu login 1"
> count = 0
> while True:
> def User():
> login = raw_input("Enter login name: ")
> passw = raw_input("Enter password: ")
>
> # check if user exists and login matches password
> if login in users and users[login] == passw:
> print "\nLogin successful!\n"
> else:
> print "\nUser doesn't exist or wrong password!\n"
> if choice == 3:
> print("Too many attempts.")
> exit()
>
>
> for val in "string":
> if val == "i":
> break
> print(val)
>
> print("The end")
>
>if choice==2:
>print " Menu create an account 2"
>
>
> def main():
> register()
>
> def register():
> username = input("Please input your desired username ")
> password = input("Please input your desired password ")
> if not username or not password:
> print "Enter a valid username and password..."
> users = c.get_all_users()
> userList = users['list_users_response']['
> list_users_result']['users']
> if username in userList:
> print "username already exist"
> else:
> # I just want to create if fields are not empty and if
> username dont exist
> c.create_user(username)
> file = open("credential.txt","a")
> file.write(username)
> file.write(" ")
> file.write(password)
> file.close()
> login()
>
> if choice==3:
>
> def login():
> check = open("credential.txt","r")
> username = input("Please enter your username")
> password = input("Please enter your password")
>
> def thank_you():
> print("Thank you for signing up at our website!.")
>
> elif choice == "q":
> exit()
> Sent from Mail for Windows 10
>
> ___
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>
A quick look shows you are using print statements and print functions. So,
are you using python 3 or python 2? What exactly are you asking about?
--
Joel Goldstick
http://joelgoldstick.com/blog
http://cc-baseballstats.info/stats/birthdays
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Re: [Tutor] help with code
On 11/03/18 04:20, Leslie SimondeMontfort via Tutor wrote:
> Hi, I wondered if there is someone that can help me with this code.
I'll try but theres a lot to comment on.
See below...
> def print_menu(): ## Your menu design here
> print 30 * "-" , "MENU" , 30 * "-"
> print "1. Menu login 1"
> print "2. Menu create an account 2"
> print "3. Menu list all accounts 3"
> print "4. Quit"
> print 67 * "-"
>
> loop!=4
That last line makes no sense. Its a boolean expression using an
undeclared variable(loop) You should get a name error when you run
it.
> while loop: ## While loop which will keep going until loop = False
Again you reference loop but you have not assigned any
value to it. You should get an error here too.
> print_menu()## Displays menu
> choice = input("Enter your choice [1-4]: ")
This is the end of your while loop and you have not modified
the test condition (loop) so even if loop existed this would
just loop forever. One of the fundamental principles of while
loops is that you must either modify the test condition
somehow or use a break somewhere inside the loop.
Also using input to convert your data is a bad design. ijput is very
insecure and users could (deliberately or by accident) type values which
python then executes and cause damagew, in extreme cases even crashing
your computer. Its much better to explicitly convert the raw_input string:
choice = int(raw_input("Enter your choice [1-4]: "))
To catch invalid input wrap it in a try/except block...
> if choice==1:"Menu login 1"
> count = 0
This doesn't work either. You have an if test where the
body is the single line containing the string. It doesn't
do anything although it is legal Python but...
The next line is indented as if it were part of the if
block but it isn't so you should get an error there too.
> while True:
> def User():
> login = raw_input("Enter login name: ")
> passw = raw_input("Enter password: ")
>
> # check if user exists and login matches password
> if login in users and users[login] == passw:
> print "\nLogin successful!\n"
> else:
> print "\nUser doesn't exist or wrong password!\n"
> if choice == 3:
> print("Too many attempts.")
> exit()
Now you have a loop that will go forever continually defining
(but not calling) a function.
Inside the function you might want to check the getpass
function from the getpass module for a more secure password
input. If you are on Unix/Linux/MacOS you could also look
at the pwd module for ways of validating the user.
Fiunally note that the if coice === 3 line is inside
the invalid user block so would only be executed if it
was an invalid user - which seems wrong?
In fact I'd suggest that if block should not even be
inside the User() function at all. Its not really checking
anything about the user, its checking what the user did.
Try to keep your functions purpose clear and distinct,
don't mix functionality in a single function.
> for val in "string":
> if val == "i":
> break
This assigns val to s,then t then r then i so it will allways break on
the 4th cycle.
You might as well just write
for val in 'str':
> print(val)
And since you just print val you might as well miss out the loop and use
print('s\nt\nr\n')
> print("The end")
>
>if choice==2:
>print " Menu create an account 2"
This is indented but there is no enclosing block so
should give an indentation error.
> def main():
> register()
>
> def register():
> username = input("Please input your desired username ")
> password = input("Please input your desired password ")
> if not username or not password:
> print "Enter a valid username and password..."
> users = c.get_all_users()
> userList = users['list_users_response']['list_users_result']['users']
Note the indentation is all over the place.
Python is fussy about consistent indentation, you will get errors here.
Also you reference c but c does not appear anywhere else.
What is c?
The remaining code has more of the same so I'll stop here.
I think you need to strip this back and get the basic structure working
first before trying to add all the other functions.
print a menu, read the input and print the users choice.
Exit when option 4 is used.
Get that working then you can add the code to process
the choices one by one. Get each choice working before
adding the next.
--
Alan G
Author of the Learn to Program web site
http://www.alan-g.me.uk/
http://www.amazon.com/author/alan_gauld
Follow my photo-blog on Flickr at:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/alangauldphotos
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Re: [Tutor] help with code
On 10Mar2018 23:20, Leslie SimondeMontfort wrote:
Hi, I wondered if there is someone that can help me with this code. Thank you,
Leslie
Generally we like to know what you think is wrong with it. For example, what
you expected it to do, and a little transcript of what it actually did
(cut/paste the text from your terminal/console straight in this email, complete
with any stack traces that came with it, if there were any).
This looks like homework, and we're generally happy to help if you'll explain
what you're trying to achieve and show the code you have so far. I'm glad to
see you've included all your code here, it is usually necessary.
Absent an actual error transcript I can make a few general remarks about the
code which might lead you towards making it work the way you intend it to.
Remarks inline below, in the code:
## Text menu in Python
def print_menu(): ## Your menu design here
print 30 * "-" , "MENU" , 30 * "-"
print "1. Menu login 1"
print "2. Menu create an account 2"
print "3. Menu list all accounts 3"
print "4. Quit"
print 67 * "-"
loop!=4
The line above "loop!=4" is a simple expression. It is valid, but useless.
Normally a test with be part of a statement, such as the condition in an "if"
or "while".
Also, because it is indented it is inside the "print_menu" function,
which doesn't seem very relevant - the function shouldn't care about
the value of "loop".
while loop: ## While loop which will keep going until loop = False
You haven't set a value to "loop" yet, so this code will raise an exception as
soon as you try to test "loop". Probably it should be set to True before the
loop begins.
print_menu()## Displays menu
choice = input("Enter your choice [1-4]: ")
if choice==1:"Menu login 1"
count = 0
Indentation is important in Python. Because this "if" statement is not
indented, it is outside the "while" loop above. It looks like you while loop is
meant to offer menu choices until the user chooses "Quit". So all the code
acting on those choices needs to be inside the loop, and thus indents the same
as the 2 lines above it which print the menu and read the choice.
You're setting "count = 0" but I don't see you use "count" elsewhere.
while True:
def User():
login = raw_input("Enter login name: ")
passw = raw_input("Enter password: ")
# check if user exists and login matches password
if login in users and users[login] == passw:
print "\nLogin successful!\n"
else:
print "\nUser doesn't exist or wrong password!\n"
if choice == 3:
print("Too many attempts.")
exit()
This probably doesn't do what you imagine. A "def" statement is a statement, to
be run. This loop runs forever, but all it does in the loop is _define_ the
function "User". It never calls the function. So it will just run forever,
redefining the function again and again.
Probably you need to define the function _before_ the loop, and actually call
the function inside the loop.
Normally all your function definitions will be outside the main code, so the
"User" function definition should be above this, for example right underneath
your "print_menu" function definition. Likewise your other functions.
for val in "string":
if val == "i":
break
print(val)
I presume this is just a little exercise loop to print some of the leading
characters from the string "string".
print("The end")
if choice==2:
print " Menu create an account 2"
This "if" statement _is_ indented correctly for the main loop you set up
earlier, but all the intervening code will be getting in the way. Once you have
all the function definitions up the top of your code things will work better.
def main():
register()
Note that this just defines a "main" function. Nothing seems to call it.
def register():
username = input("Please input your desired username ")
password = input("Please input your desired password ")
if not username or not password:
This "if" is indented differently to the other statements in this function. It
needs to move left one space.
You seem to be using Python 2. In Python 2, input() actually evaluates the
input string as a Python expression. This is why you got an integer earlier
when you prompted the user for "choice". However, when reading strings such as
usernames or passwords you need to use raw_input(), not input(). raw_input()
just reads the string and returns it.
print "Enter a valid username and password..."
Here's you are admonishing the user for entering an empty username or password.
However you don't then do anything about it; instead your code falls through
and starts setting up the user.
You probably want a loop shapes more like this (totally untested):
while True:
username = input("Please input your desired username ")
if len(username) == 0:
print("Empty username rejected.")
Re: [Tutor] help with code
On Mar 11, 2018 6:25 AM, "Leslie SimondeMontfort via Tutor" < tutor@python.org> wrote: > > Hi, I wondered if there is someone that can help me with this code. I have to assume that you are very new to python. Have you written a Python program that runs the way you want it to? It is often useful to start by writing a very simple program that contains one aspect of the problem you're trying to solve, then getting that program to run. Then you add another feature and get that to run. When you run into a problem, then email us the code, and tell us what version of python you're using, what you did to run the program, what results you expected, and what results you got. You can often handle the latter by copying and pasting the execution. If the result was a traceback be sure to include the entire traceback. ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] help with code
print 30 * "-" , "MENU" , 30 * "-"
# just tested in py3 you can do
# 'MENU'.center(67, '-')
On Sun, Mar 11, 2018 at 8:20 AM, Leslie SimondeMontfort via Tutor <
tutor@python.org> wrote:
> Hi, I wondered if there is someone that can help me with this code. Thank
> you, Leslie
>
> ## Text menu in Python
>
> def print_menu(): ## Your menu design here
> print 30 * "-" , "MENU" , 30 * "-"
> print "1. Menu login 1"
> print "2. Menu create an account 2"
> print "3. Menu list all accounts 3"
> print "4. Quit"
> print 67 * "-"
>
> loop!=4
>
> while loop: ## While loop which will keep going until loop = False
> print_menu()## Displays menu
> choice = input("Enter your choice [1-4]: ")
>
> if choice==1:"Menu login 1"
> count = 0
> while True:
> def User():
> login = raw_input("Enter login name: ")
> passw = raw_input("Enter password: ")
>
> # check if user exists and login matches password
> if login in users and users[login] == passw:
> print "\nLogin successful!\n"
> else:
> print "\nUser doesn't exist or wrong password!\n"
> if choice == 3:
> print("Too many attempts.")
> exit()
>
>
> for val in "string":
> if val == "i":
> break
> print(val)
>
> print("The end")
>
>if choice==2:
>print " Menu create an account 2"
>
>
> def main():
> register()
>
> def register():
> username = input("Please input your desired username ")
> password = input("Please input your desired password ")
> if not username or not password:
> print "Enter a valid username and password..."
> users = c.get_all_users()
> userList = users['list_users_response']['
> list_users_result']['users']
> if username in userList:
> print "username already exist"
> else:
> # I just want to create if fields are not empty and if
> username dont exist
> c.create_user(username)
> file = open("credential.txt","a")
> file.write(username)
> file.write(" ")
> file.write(password)
> file.close()
> login()
>
> if choice==3:
>
> def login():
> check = open("credential.txt","r")
> username = input("Please enter your username")
> password = input("Please enter your password")
>
> def thank_you():
> print("Thank you for signing up at our website!.")
>
> elif choice == "q":
> exit()
> Sent from Mail for Windows 10
>
> ___
> Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org
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--
Abdur-Rahmaan Janhangeer
https://github.com/abdur-rahmaanj
Mauritius
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[Tutor] prime factorisation
Dear python tutors,
for training purposes, I am writing a Python program for prime factorisation.
Functions for reading in the number and finding the primes are working alright
(of Course, finding primes up to ½ Number would suffice).
Still, the function for finding the factorization itsel does not work. I am not
sure, but the number i running through the primes for checking does not seem to
work properly.
Would you please be so kind as to help?
Thank you very much.
Best wishes,
Bernd
# This program calculates the prime factors of a number entered.
primefactors = []
n, num = 0, 0
def readin():
print ("Readin")
while True:
num = input("Please enter a positive integer n for prime factorization.
")
try:
n = int(num)
return n
except ValueError or num < 1:
print("Please enter a _positive_ integer!")
else:
break
def prime_find(l):
#print ("Primefind " + str(l))
primes = []
for num in range(2, l + 1):
for i in primes:
if (num % i) == 0:
break
else:
primes.insert(0, num)
return primes
def prime_factorization(k):
print ("Prime factorization")
prime_facs = []
for i in range(len(prime_find(k)):
while k % i == 0:
prime_facs.insert(0, i)
k = k / i
else:
break
return prime_facs
number = readin()
primes = prime_find(number)
print ("Prime numbers up to " + str(number) + " are:")
print (primes)
prime_factor = prime_factorization(number)
print (prime_factor)
"""def PrimFaktorZerlegung(n):
#Primen enthält Primzahlen. Wir hoffen, dass
#alle Primteiler in diese List zu finden sind.
#Sie kann ein Parameter, oder ein Klasskonstant sein
for p in range(len(Primen)):
while n % p == 0:
Teiler.append(p)
n = n/p
return Teiler"""
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[Tutor] Virtual environment question
It was my understanding that using a virtual environment kept everything isolated in that environment. So I was surprised when I got the following error message. (env) jfb@jims-mint18 ~ $ File "/home/jfb/EVs/env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/selenium/webdriver/remote/remote_connection.py", line 528, in _request resp = opener.open(request, timeout=self._timeout) File "/usr/lib/python3.5/urllib/request.py", line 466, in open response = self._open(req, data) I snipped most of the error msg because for the purpose of this question I am not interested in them. I tried something that I did not think would work and it did not. I am wondering why the path for the first line and every line above it is /home/jfb/EVs/env and the second line and everything after is is /usr/lib/. I didn't think anything from my system python would be involved if I started from a virtual environment. Regards, Jim ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Virtual environment question
On 03/11/2018 05:54 PM, Cameron Simpson wrote: Note: This message came straight to me and I haven't seen it on the list yet. Hopefully this reply will make it to the list. On 11Mar2018 15:52, jim wrote: It was my understanding that using a virtual environment kept everything isolated in that environment. So I was surprised when I got the following error message. (env) jfb@jims-mint18 ~ $ File "/home/jfb/EVs/env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/selenium/webdriver/remote/remote_connection.py", line 528, in _request resp = opener.open(request, timeout=self._timeout) File "/usr/lib/python3.5/urllib/request.py", line 466, in open response = self._open(req, data) I snipped most of the error msg because for the purpose of this question I am not interested in them. I tried something that I did not think would work and it did not. I am wondering why the path for the first line and every line above it is /home/jfb/EVs/env and the second line and everything after is is /usr/lib/. I didn't think anything from my system python would be involved if I started from a virtual environment. It is possible to make a virtualenv which references the osurce python's library. These days the default is isolation, but older virtualenvs used to hook to the original python by default. This is controlled by virtualenv's --system-site-packages and --no-site-packages. Maybe you should build the env again using --no-site-packages explicitly and see if the behaviour changes. If you're not using the "virtualenv" command to make the environment, please tell use exactly how it was made (there are other tools for the same purpose). In fact, tell us regardless. It aids debugging. Cheers, Cameron Simpson (formerly c...@zip.com.au) I installed pyvenv in Jan 17 using synaptic on Mint 18. Here are the contents of the pyvenv cfg file: home = /usr/bin include-system-site-packages = false version = 3.5.2 It's been awhile so I don't remember that much about the installation. I really don't know that much about virtual environments so I am guessing I accepted the defaults for the installation. Just to be complete here is the entire error msg: Traceback (most recent call last): File "/home/jfb/MyProgs/Scripts/login_af.py", line 36, in driver = webdriver.Remote(desired_capabilities=caps) File "/home/jfb/EVs/env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/selenium/webdriver/remote/webdriver.py", line 154, in __init__ self.start_session(desired_capabilities, browser_profile) File "/home/jfb/EVs/env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/selenium/webdriver/remote/webdriver.py", line 243, in start_session response = self.execute(Command.NEW_SESSION, parameters) File "/home/jfb/EVs/env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/selenium/webdriver/remote/webdriver.py", line 310, in execute response = self.command_executor.execute(driver_command, params) File "/home/jfb/EVs/env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/selenium/webdriver/remote/remote_connection.py", line 466, in execute return self._request(command_info[0], url, body=data) File "/home/jfb/EVs/env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/selenium/webdriver/remote/remote_connection.py", line 528, in _request resp = opener.open(request, timeout=self._timeout) File "/usr/lib/python3.5/urllib/request.py", line 466, in open response = self._open(req, data) File "/usr/lib/python3.5/urllib/request.py", line 484, in _open '_open', req) File "/usr/lib/python3.5/urllib/request.py", line 444, in _call_chain result = func(*args) File "/usr/lib/python3.5/urllib/request.py", line 1282, in http_open return self.do_open(http.client.HTTPConnection, req) File "/usr/lib/python3.5/urllib/request.py", line 1256, in do_open raise URLError(err) urllib.error.URLError: If you tell me where to look, I'd be happy to provide any more info you need. Regards, Jim ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Virtual environment question
On 11Mar2018 15:52, jim wrote: It was my understanding that using a virtual environment kept everything isolated in that environment. So I was surprised when I got the following error message. (env) jfb@jims-mint18 ~ $ File "/home/jfb/EVs/env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/selenium/webdriver/remote/remote_connection.py", line 528, in _request resp = opener.open(request, timeout=self._timeout) File "/usr/lib/python3.5/urllib/request.py", line 466, in open response = self._open(req, data) I snipped most of the error msg because for the purpose of this question I am not interested in them. I tried something that I did not think would work and it did not. I am wondering why the path for the first line and every line above it is /home/jfb/EVs/env and the second line and everything after is is /usr/lib/. I didn't think anything from my system python would be involved if I started from a virtual environment. It is possible to make a virtualenv which references the osurce python's library. These days the default is isolation, but older virtualenvs used to hook to the original python by default. This is controlled by virtualenv's --system-site-packages and --no-site-packages. Maybe you should build the env again using --no-site-packages explicitly and see if the behaviour changes. If you're not using the "virtualenv" command to make the environment, please tell use exactly how it was made (there are other tools for the same purpose). In fact, tell us regardless. It aids debugging. Cheers, Cameron Simpson (formerly c...@zip.com.au) ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
[Tutor] [Pandas] - Creating a bigger dataframe by using one minor dataframe as variable of another minor dataframe
I’m working with two dataframes obtained from the infrared spectroscopy analysis (yes, we’re scientists trying to work better using python). The dataframes are as follows: ***DATA1:*** IRRAMAN CM-1 245.54 730.41 3538.10 s1 100 3.93 204.17 3237.13 s6 93 11.13 477.42 3233.43 s3 14 s5 76 3.44 136.83 3229.53 s3 -78 s5 15 6.40 363.33 3219.42 s7 94 8.02 296.03 3217.14 s2 -90 6.13 80.90 3209.69 s9 93 3.43 166.41 3204.74 s4 -92 8.91 146.43 3203.92 s8 94 26.77 201.97 3168.99 s10 82 s12 -18 ***DATA2:*** s 1 1.00 STRE 14 21 NH1.015055 f3538 100 s 2 1.00 STRE1 22 CH1.081994 f3217 90 s 3-1.00 STRE1 22 CH1.081994 f3233 14 f3230 78 s 4 1.00 STRE4 23 CH1.082576 f3205 92 s 5 1.00 STRE 19 26 CH1.080387 f3237 93 s 7 1.00 STRE 17 28 CH1.083210 f3219 94 s 8 1.00 STRE 17 28 CH1.083210 f3204 94 s 571.00 BEND 11 12 14 CCN 129.85 f940 20 s 581.00 BEND 19 18 15 CCC 120.65 s 59 -1.00 BEND 15 17 20 CCC 120.28 f1037 32 f842 10 s 601.00 BEND 118 10 CCO 122.22 f402 38 s 61 -1.00 BEND8 11 13 CCCl 114.81 f221 60 f194 11d s 931.00 OUT30 19 20 16 OCCC 0.17 f864 14 f746 11 f535 17 f517 11 s 941.00 OUT 7613 0.48 f829 10 f172 41 s 951.00 OUT17 14 18 15 CNCC 3.64 f564 16 f535 15 f396 10 s 961.00 OUT106 118 OCCC 0.74 f822 63 At this point, they are both (after a LOT of work) converted into a pandas dataframe but, as a final result, I’d like to create one big dataframe because those two are related by the variables s1, s2, s3, s4 and so on. So, I’d like to insert the variables s1, s2, s3, sn every time they appear in the DATA1: ***DATA1 with DATA2:*** *(I tried to use ** to show you every time DATA 2 was inserted into DATA1)* IRRAMAN CM-1 245.54 730.41 3538.10 *s1* 100 ***STRE 14 21 NH1.015055* ** 3.93 204.17 3237.13 *s6* 93 ***STRE 19 26 CH1.080387* ** 11.13 477.42 3233.43 *s3* ***14 STRE1 22 CH1.081994*** *s5* 76 ***STRE 19 26 CH1.080387*** 3.44 136.83 3229.53 *s3* -78 ***STRE1 22 CH1.081994*** *s5* 15 ***STRE 19 26 CH 1.080387*** Observe that some lines can have more than two variables. I have to admit that I’m completely lost using pandas right now and any help is much appreciated. Thanks in advance. -- *Henrique C. S. Junior* ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
