date:20111103

Roberto,

I grasp the concept of reserved memory but do not understand what it's used for 
or what the ramifications are.

Memory reserved from 4g for the driver?

Hmmm. It looks like that last value at the bottom goes up to 4g. Is this the 
culprit?

I'm not doing anything special with graphics... that I know of.


Here's what I get from your command.

Regards,

George...

grep 'BIOS-e820' /var/log/dmesg
[    0.00]  BIOS-e820:  - 0009f000 (usable)
[    0.00]  BIOS-e820: 0009f000 - 000a (reserved)
[    0.00]  BIOS-e820: 000d2000 - 000d4000 (reserved)
[    0.00]  BIOS-e820: 000dc000 - 0010 (reserved)
[    0.00]  BIOS-e820: 0010 - bfed (usable)
[    0.00]  BIOS-e820: bfed - bfedf000 (ACPI data)
[    0.00]  BIOS-e820: bfedf000 - bff0 (ACPI NVS)
[    0.00]  BIOS-e820: bff0 - c000 (reserved)
[    0.00]  BIOS-e820: f000 - f400 (reserved)
[    0.00]  BIOS-e820: fec0 - fec1 (reserved)
[    0.00]  BIOS-e820: fed0 - fed00400 (reserved)
[    0.00]  BIOS-e820: fed14000 - fed1a000 (reserved)
[    0.00]  BIOS-e820: fed1c000 - fed9 (reserved)
[    0.00]  BIOS-e820: fee0 - fee01000 (reserved)
[    0.00]  BIOS-e820: ff80 - 0001 (reserved)


 
"It's not what you know that hurts you, It's what you know that ain't so." Wil 
Rogers... Wil would say, "STIFF THE FED"!!!



From: Roberto Ragusa 
To: George R Goffe ; Community support for Fedora users 

Sent: Thursday, November 3, 2011 3:40 AM
Subject: Re: kernel/system can't see all 4G memory

On 11/03/2011 08:46 AM, George R Goffe wrote:
> Hi,
> 
> My question is, am I missing something here?
> 
> I upgraded my lenovo 60t to 4G memory and don't seem to be able to see all 4G 
> of the upgrade.
> 
> The hardware spec for this machine says it supports 4G memory.
> 
> Any hints/clues/tips would be GREATLY appreciated.

x86_64, so something is happening at the hardware level (shared VGA?)
or BIOS level (wrong config, bugs).

What do you get with this command?

  grep 'BIOS-e820' /var/log/dmesg

it will show how the memory areas have been described by the BIOS.


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Re: Thanks to Fedora community; Installation & Disk Partitioning ISSUE

2011-11-03 Thread Marko Vojinovic

On Thursday 03 November 2011 14:14:46 Linux Tyro wrote:
> On Thu, Nov 3, 2011 at 7:44 AM, Marko Vojinovic  wrote:
> What earlier I used to think is that, "BIOS only send the instructions to
> the boot-loader (probably or whatever it sends the signal to) to just boot,
> BIOS has not such a bigger memory to have the hard-disk, so hard-disk is
> always beyond the hands of BIOS, but rather BIOS just sends the signal that
> ***IT*** should be booted and ***THAT*** gets booted.

This is how bootloading works... First, there is bios, which is programmed to 
look for and execute the boot code in the MBR, and it does so at some point. 
The "look for and execute" means that bios needs to access the MBR of the 
disk, read it into RAM memory, analyze whether the data contained there is 
executable, and if it is to point the processor to execute it.

The "program" that gets executed like that is called the stage 1 bootloader, 
and it is very very small (like 512 bytes or so), since the MBR doesn't have 
more space available. What this program does is to tell the bios to access 
some physical part of the hard disk, load it into memory and execute it. The 
bios knows nothing about partitions and filesystems, so it cannot be just 
pointed to "beginning of the partition /dev/sda6", but rather it must be given 
"physical" address of the place where it should look for data. This is 
explained in more detail in

   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_block_addressing

The stage 1 bootloader has the LBA address of the beginning of the /dev/sda6 
partition, the LBA address of the end of the data to be read in, and the code 
to instruct the bios to go there, read that much data into memory, and execute 
it. If the bios is not designed to access the LBA address that far on the 
disk, it will fail and the machine won't boot. If it can, it goes there, reads 
the data into memory, and executes it.

This data is called the stage 2 bootloader. It is a larger and more 
complicated program. It understands filesystems, it has a configuration file 
(in 
Fedora it is the /boot/grub/grub.conf file, feel free to take a look), it can 
interact with a user and offer various choices for the OS to boot. Once the 
bios loads it into memory and executes it, the stage 2 bootloader reads up its 
configuration file, on the /dev/sda6 partition. If the file isn't there, the 
boot 
fails (so the Ubuntu bootloader won't work if you deleted the Ubuntu system 
partition). Once the configuration is processed, the user is presented with 
options to load various OS's. Once the user makes a choice, the bootloader 
will do whatever is specified for that OS in the config file. Typically, it 
will 
load the kernel file (/boot/vmlinuz-something) into memory, and execute it. It 
doesn't need the bios for this anymore, since it knows how to access the disk 
itself.

Another typical situation is to not load a kernel, but instead read some other 
stage 2 bootloader that resides on, say, /dev/sda1, and let that take over and 
repeat the whole thing for another OS. This is called chainloading, and that 
is how Windows gets booted from the Linux bootloader.

At any rate, eventually some kernel gets loaded into memory, and the 
bootloader instructs the processor to execute that. And that's where the 
*real* fun begins... ;-) But that's another story,,, :-)

> > Of course, once the OS gets booted,
> 
> from which location?

In Linux, the kernel is typically a file called vmlinuz-, and it 
resides in the /boot directory of the filesystem tree. This directory can be 
basically anywhere --- on its own partition, on the / partition, on some other 
disk, etc...  The stage 2 bootloader just needs to know where to look for it.

In Windows, the kernel is (IIRC) the file C:\Windows\ntoskrnl.exe, or something 
like that. The stage 2 bootloader of Windows knows where and how to find it. 
The Windows' stage 2 bootloader gets loaded into memory and gets executed by 
the Linux stage 2 bootloader, if you choose to boot Windows when asked (the 
chainloading process).

In other OS's the kernel file may be called whatever and be situated whereever, 
depending on the OS. ;-)

> SUSE would automatically delete the MBR (which right now points to Ubuntu)
> and would set the other defaults.in it?

Yes, SuSE would wipe and rework the MBR so that it contains the stage 1 
bootloader that points to SuSE's new stage 2 bootloader, instead of the old 
Ubuntu's stage 2 bootloader (which was deleted during SuSE installation). 
Otherwise the transition from stage 1 to stage 2 in the boot sequence above 
would be broken.

> > Since you are going to delete Ubuntu, its bootloader in MBR will fail to
> > work.
> > You want to let SuSE set up the MBR, and leave the / partition alone.
> > SuSE will take care of itself, and it will take care of Windows via
> > chainloading its bootloader on /dev/sda1. You *don't* want to leave
> > Ubuntu's bootloader in
> > the MBR.
> 
> This is a small typical, what I got

Re: Thanks to Fedora community; Installation & Disk Partitioning ISSUE

On Thu, Nov 3, 2011 at 7:44 AM, Marko Vojinovic  wrote:

 > "The boot loader is installed on a partition that doesn't lie entirely
> > below 128 GB. The system might not boot is BIOS support only lba24
> (result
> > is error 18 during install grub MBR)."
> >  __
> >
> > What does it ('the installation process') want to say?
>
> Ok, you need to learn a bit or two about booting a PC. Dual-booting is a
> nontrivial thing to setup, so you need to be aware of what is actually
> going
> on inside.
>
> You want to read about that on
>
>
> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booting#Boot_sequence_on_standard_PC_.28IBM-
> PC_compatible.29
>

I am going to read this all as soon as I get the time.


> When you turn on a computer, the very first thing that happens is that the
> motherboard oscillator clock stats ticking. This invokes a piece of
> hardware
> that sends a reset signal to the processor. The processor than resets
> itself
> and starts executing commands from a fixed predetermined position in
> memory.
> This is where the bios resides.
>
> The bios gets loaded, does a bunch of initialization and self-testing
> stuff,
> and eventually looks up the MBR (master boot record) of your hard disk, to
> load an operating system.
>
> The MBR is located at the very beginning of the hard drive, and is 512
> bytes
> long. It contains the partition table of the disk, and a "stage 1"
> bootloader
> --- a small piece of code which knows "where to look" for an operating
> system
> to load. Now comes the catch --- this piece of code is very
> size-constrained,
> so it relies on bios routines to access the remainder of the hard disk. The
> bios, however, may be old, and not have built-in support to access the
> whole
> space of the 250 GB hard drive. Or maybe it can. It depends on your
> particular
> bios, and the SuSE installation cannot check whether bios is capable of
> this
> or not.
>

Oh I see.


> In the end, you get the warning that the "stage 2" bootloader, which is to
> be
> positioned at the beginning of the /dev/sda6 partition, might be out of
> reach
> of bios. If it is, your system would fail to boot the SuSE installation.
> Windows would be bootable no problem, because its "stage2" bootloader is at
> the beginning of the /dev/sda1, which is on the "near end" of the hard
> drive,
> and thus certainly within the reach of bios.
>

What earlier I used to think is that, "BIOS only send the instructions to
the boot-loader (probably or whatever it sends the signal to) to just boot,
BIOS has not such a bigger memory to have the hard-disk, so hard-disk is
always beyond the hands of BIOS, but rather BIOS just sends the signal that
***IT*** should be booted and ***THAT*** gets booted.

Of course, once the OS gets booted,


from which location?


> it can see the whole disk with no
> problems, because the OS kernel (both the Windows and Linux one) is much
> more
> powerful than the bios, and does not rely on the bios to access the disk.
>

Okay.

You have two options:
>
> (1) To look up the docs/specifications of your bios version on the
> Internet,
> and read wheter or not it supports large hard drives (and how large).
>
(2) To experiment --- proceed with the installation of SuSE and hope that
> bios
> can access the disk that far. My bet is that it can, since Ubuntu had no
> problems booting from the same place on the disk. ;-)
>

You are absolutely correct and I got booted with SUSE, installed it with
all that default options and it got booted!


>  > Now the partition table (which came BY DEFAULT, at the step at which the
> > above error (in red) came) was as follows:
> >  __
> >
> > /dev/sda 232.89 GB
> > /dev/sda1   116.88 GB   HPFS/NTFSNTFS  /windows/c
> > /dev/sda1   116.01 GB   Extended
> > /dev/sad5   4.75 GB   Linux swapSwap Swap
> > /dev/sda6   20.00   GBF Linux native  Ext4   /
> > /dev/sda7   91.25   GBF Linux native  Ext4   /home
> >  __
> >
> > First line: Well, /dev/sda is the whole of hard disk and its capacity is
> > 232.89 GB. Its well understood. But when I bought, the vendor told me the
> > capacity of 250 GB, so remaining (250-232.89) GB=17.11 GB are where, I
> > don't know.
>
> Q: How many meters are there in a kilometer?
> A: 1024 --- ask any programmer! :-)
>
> You want to read about that on
>
>   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte#Unit_multiples
>
> When a disk manufacturer says 1GB, they typically mean 1 000 000 000 bytes,
> which is 1000^3. When an OS says 1 GB (or more precisely 1GiB), it means
> 1 073 741 824 bytes, which is 1024^3. Hence the difference.
>
> Also, some of the space on the disk is used up for filesystem data (and its
> backups), some of it may be reserved for root (for administration
> purposes),
> etc.
>

Ah well.


>  > Second line: /dev/sda1 is the Windows partition, and I guess it is
> taking
> > nu

Re: windows migrant: choosing linux distribution

On Thu, Nov 3, 2011 at 6:30 AM,  wrote:

The _basics_ are the same (certainly from an end-user point of view)
> Perhaps the best advice I can give you, is: put an extra harddisc in your
> PC.
> (if you are the "hasty type" consider a 250GB SDD)
>
> And you pick blindly any distro, and just get your hands wet.
> Don't be afraid to make mistakes: we all learned from our owns.
> Nowadays, you can't really break anything anymore.
> And if you manually change config files: make a copy of it, and if you are
> satisfied with it:
> Print it out and/or save it on a usb-stick.
> (so if you have to re-install it, you don't have to re-invent your wheel)
>
> Biggest diff, is the look-and-feel of the desktop managers, and the
> appropriate applications.
> But otoh KDE or Gnome (a certain version) looks the same on any distro.
>

Oh I see.


> So just try it. Work with it a couple of months. And try something else.
> Read the available docu.
> What is best suited for you only depends on you only.
>
> I started with slackware, tried RedHat, Debian, SuSE, CentOS, netBSD,
> FreeBSD.
> Perhaps I should try Gentoo...
> They all have their pro's and con's
>

You and other people here are really having great experiences.


> And for Tyro: Just try and find out what _you_ like best.
> There is no replacement for experience.
>

I agree this statement with blind eyes. 'Self-experience' is the biggest
satisfaction, it is in fact practical implementation in life!

On Thu, Nov 3, 2011 at 9:00 AM, Joe Wulf  wrote:

Marko---really liked the pleasant and balanced reply---excellent!
> LinuxTyro---glad to see you replying to all the posts, keeping engaged,
> and having an open mind.
>

The only reason why I cannot fully devote myself here is due to the fact of
mine being in some other job, so I get really less time to learn Linux, but
as said, whenever, I get, I do try to sit in front of PC, however, it could
be as low as 5 to 10 minutes (not a joke)! I liked the Fedora Community,
really get very nice, technical and logical answers with a skilled aptitude.

On Thu, Nov 3, 2011 at 9:50 AM, Aaron Konstam wrote:

The printer on the usb port was found on all Fedora versions I have used
> since F13. Earlier I had a different printer. So the problem with your
> printer may not be completely a Fedora problem.
>

Oh I see.
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Re: windows migrant: choosing linux distribution

2011-11-03 Thread Aaron Konstam

On Thu, 2011-11-03 at 10:41 +1100, Roger wrote:
> 
> Fedora is also very good and I no longer hold with the axium "If you 
> ain't on the edge, you're taking too much space".
> As one small example, my Laser printer Fuji Xerox. Setting up laser 
> printer in Fedora right up to Fedora 14 was a pain, pig of a job,
> hard 
> to do at the best of times. Why! Fedora still did not see printers on 
> USB. This is one reason I am reluctant to upgrade.
> 
> Ubuntu found the printer. 
The printer on the usb port was found on all Fedora versions I have used
since F13. Earlier I had a different printer. So the problem with your
printer may not be completely a Fedora problem.
-- 
===
The most important things, each person must do for himself.
===
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Re: kernel/system can't see all 4G memory

2011-11-03 Thread Lamar Owen

On Nov 3, 2011, at 3:46 AM, George R Goffe wrote:
I upgraded my lenovo 60t to 4G memory and don't seem to be able to
see all 4G of the upgrade.

The hardware spec for this machine says it supports 4G memory.

Any hints/clues/tips would be GREATLY appreciated.

It is a hardware limitation in the 945M chipset; the chipset
physically only has 32 address lines, and the PCI/PCI-e memory map has
to go somewhere. That 'somewhere' is typically the top 1GB of address
space, leaving 3GB (give or take) available for RAM. If you don't
have that 33rd address line, you can't go above the 32-bit barrier PAE
or 64 bit regardless.

Same thing is true in my Dell Precision M65, although the Dell BIOS
squeezes a little more out of it, 3.5GB or so is what I get with 4GB
of RAM installed, and the 64-bit kernel, Fedora 14.

The 965 chipset fixes this by adding physical address lines to the
chipset and adding remapping support in hardware.

In the Dell case, the Precision M65 is virtually the same machine as a
Latitude D820; both have the 945; the Latitude D830 and equivalent
Precision model have the 965, and can address all 4GB of RAM and can
map the RAM that is displaced by the PCI/PCI-e address space above the
4GB (32-bit) line. (If your BIOS has 'PCI Memory Hole Remapping'
support you can try that; see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_hole
for more information. But this won't help go above the 32-bit
addressing barrier if the chipset physically only has 32-bits of
addressing capacity, regardless of processor installed.

Again, neither PAE nor 64-bit OS will help since the 945 chipset
physically does not have a 33rd (and above) address line, so the PCI/
PCI-e memory map has to go somewhere in the 4GB (32-bit) address
space, taking away from the 4GB of installed RAM.

Please also see http://www.dansdata.com/askdan00015.htm

and

http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-hardware-18/intel-945-chipset-and-4gb-of-memory-578912/

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Re: kernel/system can't see all 4G memory

2011-11-03 Thread Michael D. Setzer II

On 3 Nov 2011 at 11:40, Roberto Ragusa wrote:

Date sent:  Thu, 03 Nov 2011 11:40:44 +0100
From:   Roberto Ragusa 
To: George R Goffe , 
Community support for Fedora users 

Subject:Re: kernel/system can't see all 4G memory
Send reply to:  Community support for Fedora users 






> On 11/03/2011 08:46 AM, George R Goffe wrote:
> > Hi,
> > 
> > My question is, am I missing something here?
> > 
> > I upgraded my lenovo 60t to 4G memory and don't seem to be able to
> > see all 4G of the upgrade.
> > 
> > The hardware spec for this machine says it supports 4G memory.
> > 
> > Any hints/clues/tips would be GREATLY appreciated.
> 
> x86_64, so something is happening at the hardware level (shared VGA?)
> or BIOS level (wrong config, bugs).
> 
> What do you get with this command?
> 
>   grep 'BIOS-e820' /var/log/dmesg
> 
> it will show how the memory areas have been described by the BIOS.
> 

Might be interesting to install memtest86+  and then run 
memtest-setup to add it as an option to grub.

Then restart the system, and select the memtest option. 

Sometimes I've had to change the grub.conf lines for memtest, 
but don't recall what needed to be changed, but this is what I have 
in mine at the moment.

title Memtest86+ (4.20)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /memtest86+-4.20



> 
> -- 
>Roberto Ragusamail at robertoragusa.it
> -- 
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+--+
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  Guam Community College  Computer Center  
  mailto:mi...@kuentos.guam.net
  mailto:msetze...@gmail.com
  http://www.guam.net/home/mikes
  Guam - Where America's Day Begins
  G4L Disk Imaging Project maintainer 
  http://sourceforge.net/projects/g4l/
+--+

http://setiathome.berkeley.edu (Original)
Number of Seti Units Returned:  19,471
Processing time:  32 years, 290 days, 12 hours, 58 minutes
(Total Hours: 287,489)

BOINC@HOME CREDITS
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Re: windows migrant: choosing linux distribution

2011-11-03 Thread Joe Wulf

Marko---really liked the pleasant and balanced reply---excellent!
LinuxTyro---glad to see you replying to all the posts, keeping engaged, and 
having an open mind.


From: Linux Tyro 

To: Community support for Fedora users 
>Sent: Thursday, November 3, 2011 3:56 AM
>Subject: Re: windows migrant: choosing linux distribution
>
>
>On Thu, Nov 3, 2011 at 4:22 AM, Marko Vojinovic  wrote:
>
>
>(1) WELCOME to the Linux community!
>>
>
>Thanks.
> 
>
>(2) Don't hesitate to ask for help. This mailing list is a great resource of
>>information and is followed by people who are seasoned linux users, as well as
>>freshmen. That said, don't get offended by some nervous people telling you to
>>"do your homework", point you to lmgtfy.com, and such. We have all been
>>beginners once, and those who cannot tolerate beginner's questions should not
>>be taken too seriously. ;-)
>>
>
>Yes, that really is good thing, beginners like me sometimes could ask some 
>silly questions (it may be due to not use of Linux ever) but always happy to 
>get the answer.
> 
>
>(3) It's actually a good idea to do your own research before asking a question
>>here. Look up the topic in google, search the mailing list archives, read a
>>man page (those are the "instruction manuals" for a whole bunch of stuff in
>>Linux), etc. Expect a learning curve, regardless of the distro you choose.
>>Some things that are trivial in Windows (like, play mp3 music) are quite
>>nontrivial in Fedora (only the first time you try it, of course), and vice
>>versa. The difference between Windows and Linux is not just the security, 
>>names
>>and price. Migrating to Linux means that you need to change your way of
>>*thinking* about how a computer can or should be used.
>>
>For example, the idea of graphical user interface (a GUI) in Linux is just a
>>commodity that is sometimes frowned upon. In contrast to Windows, where GUI is
>>the *only* user interface available, in Linux mostly everything can be done on
>>the command line (the CLI, or shell prompt, or console, or...). Learning to
>>use it is one of the best ways to learn Linux. In Windows the "MS-DOS Prompt"
>>is basically a thing of ancient history, and has no serious function in the
>>system. This is just one of the *conceptual* differences you are about to
>>encounter. Filesystem permissions and "don't log in as root" is another. If
>>you have used only Windows so far, your complete knowledge about computers is
>>about to be challenged, and you should expect that and embrace it.
>>
>
>I agree with you. I came to know that how Windows used to ties the 
hands, even without using Linux. However, I am not from technical field 
of softwares, and also was not Windows admin or something like that, but
 still with a great surety claim that Linux is Linux, Windows is nothing
 in front of it - in any aspect you can compare.  
>
> 
>Finally, the choice of actual distro to start learning is quite immaterial.
>>Any will do. What you should plan, however, is the strategy to stick to some
>>distro for a while (say, 6 months), and then switch to another, in order to
>>compare and learn what is the same and what is distro-specific. It doesn't
>>really matter where you start from... ;-)
>>
>
>Yes, perhaps any distro would give me the basics of Linux. 
>
>--
>THX
>
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Re: Fedora 16 grub2-mkconfig

2011-11-03 Thread Ian Chapman

On 03/11/11 18:59, Michael Schwendt wrote:

>> It made reference to grub-probe when it should have been grub2-probe.
>
> Which is related to the macosx boot entry creation only, however:
> https://bugzilla.redhat.com/737203

I wasn't aware of that but I do indeed have two HFS+ partitions.

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Re: Thanks to Fedora community; Installation & Disk Partitioning ISSUE

2011-11-03 Thread Marko Vojinovic

On Thursday 03 November 2011 07:33:33 Linux Tyro wrote:
> Inserted the CD in the CD-ROM (yes it was the first boot option).
> Everything was going on smooth but after some time I came to the windows
> where I have to do something regarding 'partitioning'. The CD, by default
> showed with the following output. It said me as followed:
>  __
> 
> -Delete partition /dev/sda5 (111.25 GB)
> -Create root volume /dev/sda6 (20.00 GB) with ext4
> -Create volume /dev/sda6 (91.25 GB) for /home with ext4
> -Use /dev/sda5 as swap
>  -Set mount point of /dev/sda1 to /widows/c
>  __

SuSE is telling you here what it is about to do. It wants to delete the big 
Ubutu partition (/dev/sda5), and replace it with two partitions, one 
(/dev/sda6) for / and the other (/dev/sda7, I believe you mistyped the "6" 
above) for /home, all for SuSE (deleting Ubutnu in the process). In addition, 
it intends to recreate /dev/sda5 to use it as the swap partition, and to 
create a mount point for the Windows partition (/dev/sda1), so that you can 
access your Windows files in the directory /windows/c from within SuSE.

I am not sure whether you retyped the /dev/sdaX numbers correctly, the /home 
entry is probably /dev/sda7.

There is nothing wrong with this setup, and IMHO having separate / and /home 
is better than what Ubuntu installed (just a single big / and no separate 
/home). I recommend that you accept this setup.

> I continued with this (the above) default scheme which it took and didn't
> click to 'edit the partition'. Finally arrived at the page where the
> summary of what the distro is going to do in finally (for installation). At
> this page/step was written in red, the following message:
>  __
> 
> "The boot loader is installed on a partition that doesn't lie entirely
> below 128 GB. The system might not boot is BIOS support only lba24 (result
> is error 18 during install grub MBR)."
>  __
> 
> What does it ('the installation process') want to say?

Ok, you need to learn a bit or two about booting a PC. Dual-booting is a 
nontrivial thing to setup, so you need to be aware of what is actually going 
on inside.

You want to read about that on

   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booting#Boot_sequence_on_standard_PC_.28IBM-
PC_compatible.29

When you turn on a computer, the very first thing that happens is that the 
motherboard oscillator clock stats ticking. This invokes a piece of hardware 
that sends a reset signal to the processor. The processor than resets itself 
and starts executing commands from a fixed predetermined position in memory. 
This is where the bios resides.

The bios gets loaded, does a bunch of initialization and self-testing stuff, 
and eventually looks up the MBR (master boot record) of your hard disk, to 
load an operating system.

The MBR is located at the very beginning of the hard drive, and is 512 bytes 
long. It contains the partition table of the disk, and a "stage 1" bootloader 
--- a small piece of code which knows "where to look" for an operating system 
to load. Now comes the catch --- this piece of code is very size-constrained, 
so it relies on bios routines to access the remainder of the hard disk. The 
bios, however, may be old, and not have built-in support to access the whole 
space of the 250 GB hard drive. Or maybe it can. It depends on your particular 
bios, and the SuSE installation cannot check whether bios is capable of this 
or not.

In the end, you get the warning that the "stage 2" bootloader, which is to be 
positioned at the beginning of the /dev/sda6 partition, might be out of reach 
of bios. If it is, your system would fail to boot the SuSE installation. 
Windows would be bootable no problem, because its "stage2" bootloader is at 
the beginning of the /dev/sda1, which is on the "near end" of the hard drive, 
and thus certainly within the reach of bios.

Of course, once the OS gets booted, it can see the whole disk with no 
problems, because the OS kernel (both the Windows and Linux one) is much more 
powerful than the bios, and does not rely on the bios to access the disk.

You have two options:

(1) To look up the docs/specifications of your bios version on the Internet, 
and read wheter or not it supports large hard drives (and how large).
(2) To experiment --- proceed with the installation of SuSE and hope that bios 
can access the disk that far. My bet is that it can, since Ubuntu had no 
problems booting from the same place on the disk. ;-)

> Now the partition table (which came BY DEFAULT, at the step at which the
> above error (in red) came) was as follows:
>  __
> 
> /dev/sda 232.89 GB
> /dev/sda1   116.88 GB   HPFS/NTFSNTFS  /windows/c
> /dev/sda1   116.01 GB   Extended
> /dev/sad5   4.75 GB   Linux swapSwap Swap
> /dev/sda6   20.00   GBF Linux native

Re: Fedora 16 grub2-mkconfig

Thanks! I have applied the patch and it worked :)

changed the following in the /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober
OSXUUID="`grub-probe --target=fs_uuid --device ${DEVICE} 2> /dev/null`"

to  

OSXUUID="`grub2-probe --target=fs_uuid --device ${DEVICE} 2> /dev/null`"


On Thu, Nov 3, 2011 at 12:59, Michael Schwendt  wrote:
> On Thu, 03 Nov 2011 18:46:56 +0800, IC (Ian) wrote:
>
>> Not sure if you're seeing the same issue I had, but I had a similar
>> problem with grub2 a week or two back. The cfg file was not getting
>> updated. I tracked it down to a bug in this file
>>
>> /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober
>>
>> It made reference to grub-probe when it should have been grub2-probe.
>
> Which is related to the macosx boot entry creation only, however:
> https://bugzilla.redhat.com/737203
>
> --
> Fedora release 16 (Verne) - Linux 3.1.0-5.fc16.x86_64
> loadavg: 0.05 0.05 0.07
> --
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Re: Fedora 16 grub2-mkconfig

2011-11-03 Thread Michael Schwendt

On Thu, 03 Nov 2011 18:46:56 +0800, IC (Ian) wrote:

> Not sure if you're seeing the same issue I had, but I had a similar 
> problem with grub2 a week or two back. The cfg file was not getting 
> updated. I tracked it down to a bug in this file
> 
> /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober
> 
> It made reference to grub-probe when it should have been grub2-probe. 

Which is related to the macosx boot entry creation only, however:
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/737203

-- 
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loadavg: 0.05 0.05 0.07
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Re: Fedora 16 grub2-mkconfig

2011-11-03 Thread Ian Chapman

On 03/11/11 17:12, Nicolae Ghimbovschi wrote:
> Hello,
>
> I need help with a GRUB2 issue.
>
> Yesterday I did a preupgrade from F15 to F16.
>
> I've added a new custom menu entry for grub in /etc/grub.d/40_custom
>
> After running grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg, I saw that
> /boot/grub2/grub.cfg was not updated.

Not sure if you're seeing the same issue I had, but I had a similar 
problem with grub2 a week or two back. The cfg file was not getting 
updated. I tracked it down to a bug in this file

/etc/grub.d/30_os-prober

It made reference to grub-probe when it should have been grub2-probe. 
This was causing grub2-mkconfig to fail to update the file (without an 
error message too). Replacing grub-probe with grub2-probe in that file 
might help.

Alternatively adding the following to /etc/grub/default will disable the 
os prober (if you don't need it anyway, ie if you're not dual/tripple 
booting etc)

GRUB_DISABLE_OS_PROBER=true

-- 
Ian Chapman.
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Re: kernel/system can't see all 4G memory

2011-11-03 Thread Roberto Ragusa

On 11/03/2011 08:46 AM, George R Goffe wrote:
> Hi,
> 
> My question is, am I missing something here?
> 
> I upgraded my lenovo 60t to 4G memory and don't seem to be able to see all 4G 
> of the upgrade.
> 
> The hardware spec for this machine says it supports 4G memory.
> 
> Any hints/clues/tips would be GREATLY appreciated.

x86_64, so something is happening at the hardware level (shared VGA?)
or BIOS level (wrong config, bugs).

What do you get with this command?

  grep 'BIOS-e820' /var/log/dmesg

it will show how the memory areas have been described by the BIOS.


-- 
   Roberto Ragusamail at robertoragusa.it
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RE: windows migrant: choosing linux distribution

2011-11-03 Thread J.Witvliet

-Original Message-
From: users-boun...@lists.fedoraproject.org 
[mailto:users-boun...@lists.fedoraproject.org] On Behalf Of Marko Vojinovic
Sent: Wednesday, November 02, 2011 11:53 PM
To: Community support for Fedora users
Subject: Re: windows migrant: choosing linux distribution

(3) It's actually a good idea to do your own research before asking a question 
here. Look up the topic in google, search the mailing list archives, read a 
man page (those are the "instruction manuals" for a whole bunch of stuff in 
Linux), etc. Expect a learning curve, regardless of the distro you choose. 
Some things that are trivial in Windows (like, play mp3 music) are quite 
nontrivial in Fedora (only the first time you try it, of course), and vice 
versa. The difference between Windows and Linux is not just the security, names 
and price. Migrating to Linux means that you need to change your way of 
*thinking* about how a computer can or should be used.

Finally, the choice of actual distro to start learning is quite immaterial. 
Any will do. What you should plan, however, is the strategy to stick to some 
distro for a while (say, 6 months), and then switch to another, in order to 
compare and learn what is the same and what is distro-specific. It doesn't 
really matter where you start from... ;-)
-Original Message-
Very well said...

Indeed!
The _basics_ are the same (certainly from an end-user point of view)
Perhaps the best advice I can give you, is: put an extra harddisc in your PC.
(if you are the "hasty type" consider a 250GB SDD)

And you pick blindly any distro, and just get your hands wet.
Don't be afraid to make mistakes: we all learned from our owns.
Nowadays, you can't really break anything anymore.
And if you manually change config files: make a copy of it, and if you are 
satisfied with it:
Print it out and/or save it on a usb-stick.
(so if you have to re-install it, you don't have to re-invent your wheel)

Biggest diff, is the look-and-feel of the desktop managers, and the appropriate 
applications.
But otoh KDE or Gnome (a certain version) looks the same on any distro.

So just try it. Work with it a couple of months. And try something else. Read 
the available docu.
What is best suited for you only depends on you only.

I started with slackware, tried RedHat, Debian, SuSE, CentOS, netBSD, FreeBSD.
Perhaps I should try Gentoo...
They all have their pro's and con's

And for Tyro: Just try and find out what _you_ like best.
There is no replacement for experience.

Hans

__
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Re: Fedora 16 grub2-mkconfig

Thanks !

On Thu, Nov 3, 2011 at 11:23, Frank Murphy  wrote:
> On 03/11/11 09:12, Nicolae Ghimbovschi wrote:
>> Hello,
>>
>> I need help with a GRUB2 issue.
>>
>> Yesterday I did a preupgrade from F15 to F16.
>>
> 
>
> You may get more help on the test list.
> They have benn using grub2 for a while longer:
> https://admin.fedoraproject.org/mailman/listinfo/test
>
>
> --
> Regards,
>
> Frank Murphy
> UTF_8 Encoded
> Friend of fedoraproject.org
> --
> users mailing list
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Fedora 16 grub2

Hello,

I need help with a GRUB2 issue.

Yesterday I did a preupgrade from F15 to F16.

I've added a new custom menu entry for grub in /etc/grub.d/40_custom

After running grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg, I saw that
/boot/grub2/grub.cfg was not updated.

grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
Generating grub.cfg ...
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.1.0-5.fc16.x86_64
Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-3.1.0-5.fc16.x86_64.img
 No volume groups found
Found Windows 7 (loader) on /dev/sda1
Found Mac OS X on /dev/sda3

Instead  /boot/grub2/grub.cfg.new was created, and it did not contain
my custom menu entry.

What am I doing wrong ? Am I missing a step ?

Below you can see the contents of the following files:
/boot/grub2/grub.cfg,  /boot/grub2/grub.cfg.new and
/etc/grub.d/40_custom

cat /etc/grub.d/40_custom
#!/bin/sh
exec tail -n +3 $0
# This file provides an easy way to add custom menu entries.  Simply type the
# menu entries you want to add after this comment.  Be careful not to change
# the 'exec tail' line above.
menuentry "Mac OS X 10.6.8" {
   set root=(hd0,3)
   chainloader +1
}

cat /boot/grub2/grub.cfg.new
#
# DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE
#
# It is automatically generated by grub2-mkconfig using templates
# from /etc/grub.d and settings from /etc/default/grub
#

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/00_header ###
if [ -s $prefix/grubenv ]; then
 load_env
fi
set default="${saved_entry}"
if [ "${prev_saved_entry}" ]; then
 set saved_entry="${prev_saved_entry}"
 save_env saved_entry
 set prev_saved_entry=
 save_env prev_saved_entry
 set boot_once=true
fi

function savedefault {
 if [ -z "${boot_once}" ]; then
   saved_entry="${chosen}"
   save_env saved_entry
 fi
}

function load_video {
 insmod vbe
 insmod vga
 insmod video_bochs
 insmod video_cirrus
}

set timeout=5
### END /etc/grub.d/00_header ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###
menuentry 'Fedora Linux, with Linux 3.1.0-5.fc16.x86_64' --class
fedora --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os {
   load_video
   set gfxpayload=keep
   insmod gzio
   insmod part_msdos
   insmod ext2
   set root='(hd0,msdos2)'
   search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root
a935b93d-51a2-4057-80ab-841a5699bf17
   echo'Loading Linux 3.1.0-5.fc16.x86_64 ...'
   linux   /boot/vmlinuz-3.1.0-5.fc16.x86_64
root=UUID=a935b93d-51a2-4057-80ab-841a5699bf17 ro rd.md=0 rd.lvm=0
rd.dm=0  KEYTABLE=us quiet SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 rhgb rd.luks=0
LANG=en_US.UTF-8
   echo'Loading initial ramdisk ...'
   initrd  /boot/initramfs-3.1.0-5.fc16.x86_64.img
}
menuentry 'Fedora Linux, with Linux 3.1.0-5.fc16.x86_64 (recovery
mode)' --class fedora --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os {
   load_video
   set gfxpayload=keep
   insmod gzio
   insmod part_msdos
   insmod ext2
   set root='(hd0,msdos2)'
   search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root
a935b93d-51a2-4057-80ab-841a5699bf17
   echo'Loading Linux 3.1.0-5.fc16.x86_64 ...'
   linux   /boot/vmlinuz-3.1.0-5.fc16.x86_64
root=UUID=a935b93d-51a2-4057-80ab-841a5699bf17 ro single rd.md=0
rd.lvm=0 rd.dm=0  KEYTABLE=us quiet SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 rhgb
rd.luks=0 LANG=en_US.UTF-8
   echo'Loading initial ramdisk ...'
   initrd  /boot/initramfs-3.1.0-5.fc16.x86_64.img
}
### END /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ###
### END /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###
menuentry "Windows 7 (loader) (on /dev/sda1)" --class windows --class os {
   insmod part_msdos
   insmod ntfs
   set root='(hd0,msdos1)'
   search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 5C3EB3CE3EB39F86
   chainloader +1
}


cat /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
#
# DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE
#
# It is automatically generated by grub2-mkconfig using templates
# from /etc/grub.d and settings from /etc/default/grub
#

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/00_header ###
if [ -s $prefix/grubenv ]; then
 load_env
fi
if [ "${prev_saved_entry}" ]; then
 set saved_entry="${prev_saved_entry}"
 save_env saved_entry
 set prev_saved_entry=
 save_env prev_saved_entry
 set boot_once=true
fi

function savedefault {
 if [ -z "${boot_once}" ]; then
   saved_entry="${chosen}"
   save_env saved_entry
 fi
}

function load_video {
true
}

set timeout=5
### END /etc/grub.d/00_header ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###
menuentry 'Fedora Linux, with Linux 3.1.0-5.fc16.x86_64' --class
fedora --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os {
   load_video
   set gfxpayload=keep
   insmod gzio
   insmod part_msdos
   insmod ext2
   set root='(hd0,msdos2)'
   search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root
a935b93d-51a2-4057-80ab-841a5699bf17
   echo'Loading Linux 3.1.0-5.fc16.x86_64 ...'
   linux   /boot/vmlinuz-3.1.0-5.fc16.x86_64
root=UUID=a935b93d-51a2-4057-80ab-841a5699bf17 ro rd.md=0 rd.lvm=0
rd.dm=0  KEYTABLE=us quiet SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 rhgb rd.luks=0
LANG=en_US.UTF-8
   echo'Loading initial ramdisk ...'
   initrd  /boot/initramfs-3.1.0-5.fc1

Re: Fedora 16 grub2-mkconfig

2011-11-03 Thread Frank Murphy

On 03/11/11 09:12, Nicolae Ghimbovschi wrote:
> Hello,
>
> I need help with a GRUB2 issue.
>
> Yesterday I did a preupgrade from F15 to F16.
>


You may get more help on the test list.
They have benn using grub2 for a while longer:
https://admin.fedoraproject.org/mailman/listinfo/test


-- 
Regards,

Frank Murphy
UTF_8 Encoded
Friend of fedoraproject.org
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Fedora 16 grub2-mkconfig

Hello,

I need help with a GRUB2 issue.

Yesterday I did a preupgrade from F15 to F16.

I've added a new custom menu entry for grub in /etc/grub.d/40_custom

After running grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg, I saw that
/boot/grub2/grub.cfg was not updated.

grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
Generating grub.cfg ...
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.1.0-5.fc16.x86_64
Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-3.1.0-5.fc16.x86_64.img
  No volume groups found
Found Windows 7 (loader) on /dev/sda1
Found Mac OS X on /dev/sda3

Instead  /boot/grub2/grub.cfg.new was created, and it did not contain
my custom menu entry.

What am I doing wrong ? Am I missing a step ?

Below you can see the contents of the following files:
/boot/grub2/grub.cfg,  /boot/grub2/grub.cfg.new and
/etc/grub.d/40_custom

cat /etc/grub.d/40_custom
#!/bin/sh
exec tail -n +3 $0
# This file provides an easy way to add custom menu entries.  Simply type the
# menu entries you want to add after this comment.  Be careful not to change
# the 'exec tail' line above.
menuentry "Mac OS X 10.6.8" {
set root=(hd0,3)
chainloader +1
}

cat /boot/grub2/grub.cfg.new
#
# DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE
#
# It is automatically generated by grub2-mkconfig using templates
# from /etc/grub.d and settings from /etc/default/grub
#

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/00_header ###
if [ -s $prefix/grubenv ]; then
  load_env
fi
set default="${saved_entry}"
if [ "${prev_saved_entry}" ]; then
  set saved_entry="${prev_saved_entry}"
  save_env saved_entry
  set prev_saved_entry=
  save_env prev_saved_entry
  set boot_once=true
fi

function savedefault {
  if [ -z "${boot_once}" ]; then
saved_entry="${chosen}"
save_env saved_entry
  fi
}

function load_video {
  insmod vbe
  insmod vga
  insmod video_bochs
  insmod video_cirrus
}

set timeout=5
### END /etc/grub.d/00_header ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###
menuentry 'Fedora Linux, with Linux 3.1.0-5.fc16.x86_64' --class
fedora --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os {
load_video
set gfxpayload=keep
insmod gzio
insmod part_msdos
insmod ext2
set root='(hd0,msdos2)'
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root
a935b93d-51a2-4057-80ab-841a5699bf17
echo'Loading Linux 3.1.0-5.fc16.x86_64 ...'
linux   /boot/vmlinuz-3.1.0-5.fc16.x86_64
root=UUID=a935b93d-51a2-4057-80ab-841a5699bf17 ro rd.md=0 rd.lvm=0
rd.dm=0  KEYTABLE=us quiet SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 rhgb rd.luks=0
LANG=en_US.UTF-8
echo'Loading initial ramdisk ...'
initrd  /boot/initramfs-3.1.0-5.fc16.x86_64.img
}
menuentry 'Fedora Linux, with Linux 3.1.0-5.fc16.x86_64 (recovery
mode)' --class fedora --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os {
load_video
set gfxpayload=keep
insmod gzio
insmod part_msdos
insmod ext2
set root='(hd0,msdos2)'
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root
a935b93d-51a2-4057-80ab-841a5699bf17
echo'Loading Linux 3.1.0-5.fc16.x86_64 ...'
linux   /boot/vmlinuz-3.1.0-5.fc16.x86_64
root=UUID=a935b93d-51a2-4057-80ab-841a5699bf17 ro single rd.md=0
rd.lvm=0 rd.dm=0  KEYTABLE=us quiet SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 rhgb
rd.luks=0 LANG=en_US.UTF-8
echo'Loading initial ramdisk ...'
initrd  /boot/initramfs-3.1.0-5.fc16.x86_64.img
}
### END /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ###
### END /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###
menuentry "Windows 7 (loader) (on /dev/sda1)" --class windows --class os {
insmod part_msdos
insmod ntfs
set root='(hd0,msdos1)'
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 5C3EB3CE3EB39F86
chainloader +1
}


cat /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
#
# DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE
#
# It is automatically generated by grub2-mkconfig using templates
# from /etc/grub.d and settings from /etc/default/grub
#

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/00_header ###
if [ -s $prefix/grubenv ]; then
  load_env
fi
if [ "${prev_saved_entry}" ]; then
  set saved_entry="${prev_saved_entry}"
  save_env saved_entry
  set prev_saved_entry=
  save_env prev_saved_entry
  set boot_once=true
fi

function savedefault {
  if [ -z "${boot_once}" ]; then
saved_entry="${chosen}"
save_env saved_entry
  fi
}

function load_video {
true
}

set timeout=5
### END /etc/grub.d/00_header ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###
menuentry 'Fedora Linux, with Linux 3.1.0-5.fc16.x86_64' --class
fedora --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os {
load_video
set gfxpayload=keep
insmod gzio
insmod part_msdos
insmod ext2
set root='(hd0,msdos2)'
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root
a935b93d-51a2-4057-80ab-841a5699bf17
echo'Loading Linux 3.1.0-5.fc16.x86_64 ...'
linux   /boot/vmlinuz-3.1.0-5.fc16.x86_64
root=UUID=a935b93d-51a2-4057-80ab-841a5699bf17 ro rd.md=0 rd.lvm=0
rd.dm=0  KEYTABLE=us quiet SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 rhgb rd.luks=0
LANG=en_US.UTF-8
echo'Loading

Re: kernel/system can't see all 4G memory

2011-11-03 Thread DRSp.

Am Donnerstag, den 03.11.2011, 00:46 -0700 schrieb George R Goffe:
> Hi,
> 
> 
> My question is, am I missing something here?
> 
> 
> I upgraded my lenovo 60t to 4G memory and don't seem to be able to see
> all 4G of the upgrade.
> 
> 
> The hardware spec for this machine says it supports 4G memory.
> 
> 
> Any hints/clues/tips would be GREATLY appreciated.
> 
> 
> Thanks,
> 
> 
> George...
> 
> 
> uname says: 2.6.35.14-100.fc14.x86_64 #1 SMP Fri Oct 21 18:40:08 UTC
> 2011 x86_64 GNU/Linux
> 
> 
> 
> cat /proc/meminfo says: 
> 
> MemTotal:3090228 kB
> MemFree:  531148 kB
> Buffers:   66672 kB
> Cached:   945684 kB
> SwapCached:58032 kB
> Active:  1318288 kB
> Inactive: 896312 kB
> Active(anon): 915732 kB
> Inactive(anon):   289888 kB
> Active(file): 402556 kB
> Inactive(file):   606424 kB
> Unevictable:  68 kB
> Mlocked:  68 kB
> SwapTotal:   3145724 kB
> SwapFree:2751508 kB
> Dirty:143324 kB
> Writeback: 15820 kB
> AnonPages:   1183460 kB
> Mapped:76600 kB
> Shmem:  3376 kB
> Slab: 147820 kB
> SReclaimable:  90724 kB
> SUnreclaim:57096 kB
> KernelStack:3600 kB
> PageTables:65096 kB
> NFS_Unstable:  0 kB
> Bounce:0 kB
> WritebackTmp:  0 kB
> CommitLimit: 4690836 kB
> Committed_AS:2884068 kB
> VmallocTotal:   34359738367 kB
> VmallocUsed:  113596 kB
> VmallocChunk:   34359610520 kB
> HardwareCorrupted: 0 kB
> HugePages_Total:   0
> HugePages_Free:0
> HugePages_Rsvd:0
> HugePages_Surp:0
> Hugepagesize:   2048 kB
> DirectMap4k: 2843456 kB
> DirectMap2M:  301056 kB
> 
> 
> 
> 
> 
> "It's not what you know that hurts you, It's what you know that ain't
> so." Wil Rogers... Wil would say, "STIFF THE FED"!!!

shared grafic-card - perhaps? didn't google the specs of your
lenovo-t60...
-- 
Q: What do you do with an elephant with three balls? A: Walk him and
pitch to the rhino.

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Re: How does Fedora clean its RAM..?

2011-11-03 Thread Alan Cox

> You're sure about that? What evidence do you offer? Can you point to
> auto-scrub code paths in all the library APIs for freeing memory?

We actually don't wipe memory on free, but on allocate. That has
performance wins. Some user space does go to the trouble of wiping things
like crypto keys once they are used, as does some kernel bits.

Linux has *no* memory allocator for userspace from the kernel. It has
mmap which maps in an object from the file system and sbrk() which is
these days implemented in terms of mmap.

What these actually do effectively is allocate address space, and we have
a /dev/zero which is an infinite supply of mappings of a single kernel
page that contains only zero.

So the actual process becomes

I need 1MB
mmap /dev/zero for 1MB
We get 1MB of page tables pointing to the *same* page of zero

At this point our 1MB takes up 4K (plus page tables). When you write to
it for the first time the page you write to is copied and updated with the
new data ("copy on write") and now has its own actual data.

This is a good deal more efficient.

> Rather than merely imply that such threat models are beyond the scope
> of Fedora, wouldn't it be better to refer the OP to a wiki article on
> the subject, or to the dev list if there is no wiki article?

The usual threat models for not clearing memory are the fact things like
keys may hang around longer. But they may also have hit swap so really
for most uses the concern is crypted swap and use of hibernate in
preference to suspend. If you leave someone with physical access to a PC
you lost already however, as they can trojan the BIOS and the like ready
for the next boot.

The Linux kernel may move to zeroing user pages at free, at least in some
circumstances. The reason for this isn't however security but virtual
machines. Right now KVM with a Linux guest cannot tell properly if chunks
of pages of free user data are relevant so it must preserve them. If they
are zeroed on free then the ksm background scan which finds identical
pages in and between guests and turns them into one mapping will be able
to take all the freed user pages and turn them back into a single page of
real physical host memory.

Alan
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Re: kernel/system can't see all 4G memory

Frank,

Thanks for your response.

The bios reports 4096MB. 


George...

 
"It's not what you know that hurts you, It's what you know that ain't so." Wil 
Rogers... Wil would say, "STIFF THE FED"!!!



From: Frank Cox 
To: users@lists.fedoraproject.org
Cc: George R Goffe 
Sent: Thursday, November 3, 2011 1:16 AM
Subject: Re: kernel/system can't see all 4G memory

On Thu, 3 Nov 2011 00:46:15 -0700 (PDT)
George R Goffe wrote:

> I upgraded my lenovo 60t to 4G memory and don't seem to be able to see all 4G
> of the upgrade.

How much memory does your machine's bios screen tell you it has?

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Fw: kernel/system can't see all 4G memory

- Forwarded Message -
From: George R Goffe 
To: "frank.els...@spamfence.net" 
Sent: Thursday, November 3, 2011 1:20 AM
Subject: Re: kernel/system can't see all 4G memory

Frank,

Thanks for your response.

I don't see any PAE kernels in the output of "yum list all".

This is an out of the box FC14 x86_64 installation. In 
/etc/yum.repos.d/fedora.repo, "[fedora]" is enabled and in 
/etc/yum.repos.d/fedora-updates.repo, "[updates]" is enabled.

Do you have any ideas?

Regards,

George...

"It's not what you know that hurts you, It's what you know that ain't so." Wil 
Rogers... Wil would say, "STIFF THE FED"!!!

From: Frank Elsner 
To: users@lists.fedoraproject.org
Cc: George R Goffe 
Sent: Thursday, November 3, 2011 1:08 AM
Subject: Re: kernel/system can't see all 4G memory

On Thu, 3 Nov 2011 00:46:15 -0700 (PDT) George R Goffe wrote:
> Hi,
> 
> My question is, am I missing something here?
> 
> I upgraded my lenovo 60t to 4G memory and don't seem to be able to see all 4G 
> of the upgrade.
> 
> 
> The hardware spec for this machine says it supports 4G memory.
> 
> Any hints/clues/tips would be GREATLY appreciated.

You should use the PAE version of the kernel.

--Frank Elsner-- 
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Re: kernel/system can't see all 4G memory

2011-11-03 Thread Frank Cox

On Thu, 3 Nov 2011 00:46:15 -0700 (PDT)
George R Goffe wrote:

> I upgraded my lenovo 60t to 4G memory and don't seem to be able to see all 4G
> of the upgrade.

How much memory does your machine's bios screen tell you it has?

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www.creekfm.com - FIFTY THOUSAND WATTS of POW WOW POWER!
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Re: kernel/system can't see all 4G memory

2011-11-03 Thread Frank Murphy

On 03/11/11 08:08, Frank Elsner wrote:

>> The hardware spec for this machine says it supports 4G memory.
>>
>> Any hints/clues/tips would be GREATLY appreciated.
>
>
> You should use the PAE version of the kernel.
>
>
> --Frank Elsner


He's on 64bit kernel-PAE is for 32bit.


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Re: kernel/system can't see all 4G memory

2011-11-03 Thread Frank Elsner

On Thu, 3 Nov 2011 00:46:15 -0700 (PDT) George R Goffe wrote:
> Hi,
> 
> My question is, am I missing something here?
> 
> I upgraded my lenovo 60t to 4G memory and don't seem to be able to see all 4G 
> of the upgrade.
> 
> 
> The hardware spec for this machine says it supports 4G memory.
> 
> Any hints/clues/tips would be GREATLY appreciated.


You should use the PAE version of the kernel.


--Frank Elsner
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Re: windows migrant: choosing linux distribution

On Thu, Nov 3, 2011 at 4:22 AM, Marko Vojinovic  wrote:

(1) WELCOME to the Linux community!
>

Thanks.


> (2) Don't hesitate to ask for help. This mailing list is a great resource
> of
> information and is followed by people who are seasoned linux users, as
> well as
> freshmen. That said, don't get offended by some nervous people telling you
> to
> "do your homework", point you to lmgtfy.com, and such. We have all been
> beginners once, and those who cannot tolerate beginner's questions should
> not
> be taken too seriously. ;-)
>

Yes, that really is good thing, beginners like me sometimes could ask some
silly questions (it may be due to not use of Linux ever) but always happy
to get the answer.


> (3) It's actually a good idea to do your own research before asking a
> question
> here. Look up the topic in google, search the mailing list archives, read a
> man page (those are the "instruction manuals" for a whole bunch of stuff in
> Linux), etc. Expect a learning curve, regardless of the distro you choose.
> Some things that are trivial in Windows (like, play mp3 music) are quite
> nontrivial in Fedora (only the first time you try it, of course), and vice
> versa. The difference between Windows and Linux is not just the security,
> names
> and price. Migrating to Linux means that you need to change your way of
> *thinking* about how a computer can or should be used.
>
For example, the idea of graphical user interface (a GUI) in Linux is just a
> commodity that is sometimes frowned upon. In contrast to Windows, where
> GUI is
> the *only* user interface available, in Linux mostly everything can be
> done on
> the command line (the CLI, or shell prompt, or console, or...). Learning to
> use it is one of the best ways to learn Linux. In Windows the "MS-DOS
> Prompt"
> is basically a thing of ancient history, and has no serious function in the
> system. This is just one of the *conceptual* differences you are about to
> encounter. Filesystem permissions and "don't log in as root" is another. If
> you have used only Windows so far, your complete knowledge about computers
> is
> about to be challenged, and you should expect that and embrace it.
>

I agree with you. I came to know that how Windows used to ties the hands,
even without using Linux. However, I am not from technical field of
softwares, and also was not Windows admin or something like that, but still
with a great surety claim that Linux is Linux, Windows is nothing in front
of it - in any aspect you can compare.


> Finally, the choice of actual distro to start learning is quite immaterial.
> Any will do. What you should plan, however, is the strategy to stick to
> some
> distro for a while (say, 6 months), and then switch to another, in order to
> compare and learn what is the same and what is distro-specific. It doesn't
> really matter where you start from... ;-)
>

Yes, perhaps any distro would give me the basics of Linux.

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Re: windows migrant: choosing linux distribution

On Thu, Nov 3, 2011 at 12:08 AM, Rick Stevens  wrote:

Keep in mind that Fedora is a "cutting edge" distribution.  It's
> generally completely "updated" (replaced) every 6 months and old
> versions are only supported for two updates, e.g. when Fedora 16
> comes out, Fedora 14 will be obsoleted and orphaned (no updates).
>
> If you want a relatively stable environment (and if you're just
> learning, that might be a good idea), I'd go with Ubuntu, Debian or
> CentOS (CentOS is built from the same source as Red Hat Enterprise
> Linux).
>
> If you're willing to bleed a bit, then yeah, Fedora is the way to
> go.  As the old saying goes, "If you're not on the edge, you're taking
> up too much space." (he says, with tongue planted firmly in cheek)
>

Yeah and for learning purposes I guess too this is well, as somebody points
correct: I am going to stick with one particular distro for some time so
that I can know what exactly is Linux.

On Thu, Nov 3, 2011 at 1:06 AM, Gary Baribault  wrote:

 Hi, All three of the distributions you mentioned are major .. Ubuntu is
> more of a graphical Linux which will keep you safe, but will also restrict
> your learning experience in the sense that getting to a Root
> (administrator) command line is not encouraged. Fedore and SuSE are the
> other two major distributions, I personally used to use SuSE and have moved
> back to Fedora which has improved a lot lately (last 3 years). To me they
> are equivalent, but SuSE belongs to Novell, which was sold recently to
> AtachMate. SuSE also works closer with Microsoft, which for a Windows guy
> would seem better but for a Linux guy, makes us somewhat nervous!
>
> RPM/DEB both work well, and shouldn't influence your choice.
>

Yeah, but decided to go with .rpm side (whatever be the reasons, I don't
understand).

On Thu, Nov 3, 2011 at 5:11 AM, Roger  wrote:

rpm or deb really doesn't matter, administration is, to me, about
> understanding the operating system components/applications.
>
> I use both Fedora and Ubuntu and have done so for years. Both have
> advantages.
> Ubuntu is stable, upgrades with no fuss, it's good for things that you
> "just want to work" and I've never noticed deb.
>
> Fedora is also very good and I no longer hold with the axium "If you
> ain't on the edge, you're taking too much space".
> As one small example, my Laser printer Fuji Xerox. Setting up laser
> printer in Fedora right up to Fedora 14 was a pain, pig of a job, hard
> to do at the best of times. Why! Fedora still did not see printers on
> USB. This is one reason I am reluctant to upgrade.
>
> Ubuntu found the printer.
>

That's a great point with Ubuntu that it finds automatically (as you are
saying) but in Fedora/SUSE, I guess installation or some troubleshooting
should be there before it (distro) catches the automatic detection of the
attached hard ware like printer. I doubt if it (fedora) would detect my
samsung (old) printer or not.


> I watch list discussion religiously to gauge Fedora problems before
> deciding whether to fresh install the next version. I usually skip 1 or
> 2 versions before doing so.
> I prefer Fedora for web development because it's file systems and
> commands are same as our server OS Centos, where as Ubuntu
> "apparently"   does things differently, files named differently and in
> different file systems.
>
> You have a 250 g hd. you can run 3 operating systems as suggested, in
> virtualbox or partitions, and see which works for you, but, while there
> is not much to pick between ubuntu and Fedora they are very different
> from windows.
>

That's a good point, I can try that, first start the download of all the
required CDs.

>
> My thoughts on long term would suggest go with Ubuntu. I would say that
> once you are accustomed to Linux you will likely want to explore and
> will probably install Fedora or other on a separate partition so it is
> independent of Ubuntu.
>

I agree with you. So that a little exposure to Linux would be there and
then after getting some legs wet, I guess it would be easier for me.

On Thu, Nov 3, 2011 at 6:55 AM, D. Marshall Lemcoe Jr. wrote:

All of the distributions listed have excellent support and release
> cycles, meaning you won't be worrying about when you're going to get
> the shiny new software.
>

Ah, well.

On Thu, Nov 3, 2011 at 9:34 AM, Tim  wrote:

It's always going to be hard to answer "which is best" queries.  As
> there's numerous criteria, and conflicting answers.
>
> If you want free support from other users, I would say Fedora and
> Ubuntu.  I haven't seen openSuse to comment on it.  I've noticed more
> knowledgeable answers on the Fedora list than the Ubuntu list, which
> seems to have more dumb suggestions, last time I looked.  By that I mean
> silly suggestions from people clearly don't know what they're talking
> about, and no corrections to such advice.
>

Oh I see. I guess Ubuntu seems more easier but not as technical as is
Fedora!


> That may have changed, with time.  But

kernel/system can't see all 4G memory

Hi,

My question is, am I missing something here?

I upgraded my lenovo 60t to 4G memory and don't seem to be able to see all 4G 
of the upgrade.


The hardware spec for this machine says it supports 4G memory.

Any hints/clues/tips would be GREATLY appreciated.

Thanks,

George...

uname says: 2.6.35.14-100.fc14.x86_64 #1 SMP Fri Oct 21 18:40:08 UTC 2011 
x86_64 GNU/Linux


cat /proc/meminfo says: 

MemTotal:    3090228 kB
MemFree:  531148 kB
Buffers:   66672 kB
Cached:   945684 kB
SwapCached:    58032 kB
Active:  1318288 kB
Inactive: 896312 kB
Active(anon): 915732 kB
Inactive(anon):   289888 kB
Active(file): 402556 kB
Inactive(file):   606424 kB
Unevictable:  68 kB
Mlocked:  68 kB
SwapTotal:   3145724 kB
SwapFree:    2751508 kB
Dirty:    143324 kB
Writeback: 15820 kB
AnonPages:   1183460 kB
Mapped:    76600 kB
Shmem:  3376 kB
Slab: 147820 kB
SReclaimable:  90724 kB
SUnreclaim:    57096 kB
KernelStack:    3600 kB
PageTables:    65096 kB
NFS_Unstable:  0 kB
Bounce:    0 kB
WritebackTmp:  0 kB
CommitLimit: 4690836 kB
Committed_AS:    2884068 kB
VmallocTotal:   34359738367 kB
VmallocUsed:  113596 kB
VmallocChunk:   34359610520 kB
HardwareCorrupted: 0 kB
HugePages_Total:   0
HugePages_Free:    0
HugePages_Rsvd:    0
HugePages_Surp:    0
Hugepagesize:   2048 kB
DirectMap4k: 2843456 kB
DirectMap2M:  301056 kB



"It's not what you know that hurts you, It's what you know that ain't so." Wil 
Rogers... Wil would say, "STIFF THE FED"!!!-- 
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Re: windows migrant: choosing linux distribution

On Thu, Nov 3, 2011 at 12:06 AM, Ian Malone  wrote:

I would say the opposite, Fedora's short release cycle isn't for
> everyone (and I say this as someone who's used Fedora as their main OS
> since FC1 came out) and Fedora upgrades are maybe slightly more
> painful than Ubuntu ones. Ubuntu has an LTS (long term support)
> version which may allow you to avoid upgrading for a while and
> upgrades are more like large system updates (think service pack in
> Windows). RPM vs deb, yes there are differences, but it's probably
> going to be one of the last things you notice.
>
> For a beginner coming from Windows I think the major hurdle for either
> Ubuntu or Fedora (which are the two 'flagship' choices) is that their
> default desktop is now very different to windows. I was introduced to
> Unity (Ubuntu) last weekend and personally I think it's more awkward
> than Gnome-shell (Fedora). So you may want to look at XFCE or KDE
> spins of Fedora or Ubuntu. Live CDs and VirtualBox (haven't tried that
> one) are a good way to dip into the water.
>
> From a security point of view, Fedora perhaps focuses on security a
> bit more than Ubuntu does. This is a bit of a two edged sword if you
> find SELinux is preventing you doing something it shouldn't, but
> that's a much rarer occurence these days. It's also intentionally on
> the cutting edge, this means you get cut sometimes which often means
> time spent sorting out issues.
>
> Lastly, media friendliness: Fedora, again by choice, includes only
> software that can be described as free and open source, this excludes
> several things such as mp3 playback from the core system. There are
> easy solutions to this these days (just set up rpmfusion), but it does
> represent an extra level of difficulty (on the other hand, it isn't
> really difficult and might be a useful first exercise for somebody
> wanting to learn how things work). Ubuntu tends to include everything
> they think they can get away with.
>
> Haven't mentioned SUSE as I haven't used it for years.
>

Came to conclude whatever I choose, have to dig it out to know the things,
Linux is Linux.
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Re: windows migrant: choosing linux distribution

On Wed, Nov 2, 2011 at 8:03 PM, Tom Horsley  wrote:

I would say they are just different, not better or worse, though if
> you like a GUI package management tool, nothing beats "synaptic"
> on the ubuntu/debian family (I tend to prefer the command line
> tools since I use ssh to get to most systems and don't want
> to fool with remote X display, so for me it doesn't matter
> much if I use yum versus apt-get or rpm versus dpkg - it is
> just a question of sorting out all the command line options).
>

On Wed, Nov 2, 2011 at 8:10 PM, n2xssvv.g02gfr12930 <
n2xssvv.g02gfr12...@ntlworld.com> wrote:

I like the openness, as well as the reliability, (it is much less likely
> to crash than windows).
>

On Wed, Nov 2, 2011 at 9:49 PM, Emilio Lopez  wrote:

I think Fedora is a good distro to start. As Joe Wulf said, is a good
> idea to install it in VirtualBox first, so you can play with linux &
> windows at the same time, and make the transition easier.
>

On Wed, Nov 2, 2011 at 10:02 PM, suvayu ali wrote:

The OP can also try out the live media for the three distros. I
> personally think live media is the least hassle free way to see what
> one is getting into before actual installation.
>

On Wed, Nov 2, 2011 at 10:28 PM, Errol Mangwiro  wrote:

Yumex fan over here.


On Wed, Nov 2, 2011 at 10:46 PM, Joe Zeff  wrote:

Both are equally good; it's like asking if chocolate is better than
> vanilla.  And, most things you're going to install will be available in
> both forms.  If you're looking for a highly secured distribution (or,
> "distro") Fedora is one good choice, as it includes SELinux: "Security
> Enhanced Linux."
>

I agree with all of the above and try live CDs and going with .rpm side.

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Re: windows migrant: choosing linux distribution

On Wed, Nov 2, 2011 at 7:49 PM, Bruno Wolff III  wrote:

The main advantage of Linux systems is openness.
>

Correct but I am considering security too! Well, Linux is good overall.

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Re: windows migrant: choosing linux distribution

On Wed, Nov 2, 2011 at 7:29 PM, Michael Ekstrand wrote:

That depends entirely on who you ask. Here, you are likely to get
> pro-RPM answers, as Fedora uses RPM and people choose it for a reason.
> Each has features and niceties that the other does not. Both are good
> package formats and systems; they just have different opinions about how
> the world works.
>
> RPM maintains data for verification of installed software. That has
> saved me on at least one occasion.
>
> DEB has the concept of optional dependencies, which can offer you
> greater flexibility in managing what software is installed on your
> system. That is probably the biggest Debian/Ubuntu package management
> feature I miss since switching to Fedora.
>
> If you're going to build packages, they're mostly just different. Both
> are pretty easy to do once you know what's going on; I find RPM slightly
> easier, but Debian provides lots of nice helper scripts for package
> builds (and those are inherited by Ubuntu).
>
> Pick one. You won't really go wrong. In my opinion, software
> availability, quality, and maintenance culture are more important
> factors for picking a Linux distribution than package manager, unless
> you have prior package manager knowledge you're looking to carry with
> you.  From those perspectives, I have selected Fedora (after using
> Debian and Ubuntu for quite some time), but YMMV.


For whatever reason(s) (which actually I also don't understand at this
stage), I have decided to go with the .rpm side of Linux. As you say both
are great, so yes, anyone I choose, I win!

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THX
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Thanks to Fedora community; Installation & Disk Partitioning ISSUE