Re: [Vo]:Important new Storms paper uploaded
On Nov 9, 2007, at 6:28 AM, Jed Rothwell wrote: See: Storms, E. and B. Scanlan. Radiation Produced By Glow Discharge In Deuterium. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy. http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/StormsEradiationp.pdf Some speculation follows. This experiment is vaguely reminiscent of the early Kamada et al experiments, which showed a dependency on flux, i.e. current density, and which were also highly reproducible. It is unfortunate the implantation and electron beam energies Kamada used were not substantially reduced so as to see the effect of shallow implantation. It is of interest the clear but not noted involvement of oxygen in the Kamada experiments due to the fact an oxide layer exists on the surface of aluminum. Kamada gives a key electron flux as 1x10^19 electrons/(cm^2*s) for generating excess heat, which I calculate to be a bout 1.6 A/cm^2. Interestingly, he obtained similar results with H vs D for nuclear events, but excess heat only for D. His control for the nuclear events experiment was therefore electron bombardment of a non-loaded aluminum target. The control for the excess heat experiment was H loading vs D loading. The interesting thing about the Kamada experiments is the separation of the effects of loading vs electron flux. Though the energy levels differ considerably, it is difficult to not speculate that the Kamada energy levels were not critical, that the critical electron kinetic energy might be well below 1000V, and that the excess electron energy simply, by electron-electron collision, resulted in a lower energy and higher flux at depth, and would be unnecessary for a shallow depth target. This then leads to the prospect of use of high current reverse polarity (cathode momentarily becomes anode) pulses to generate excess heat in the continually and superficially loaded oxygen containing cathode. Such an approach might avoid the need for special surface deformations which change the local flux. Kamada observed metal melting in selected spots in about 10 seconds of electron flux. Use of fast high current density pulses of 10 A/cm^2 or more, an order of magnitude larger at the surface, interlaced with H/D loading at opposite polarity, might make such excess heat processes more uniform and less destructive on average. A summary of the referenced Kamada experiments follows. The 1992 (Kamada) results showed 1.3 MeV or greater 4He (about 80 percent) and 0.4 MeV or greater P (about 20 percent) tracks using Al loaded with *either* H or D. The electron beam energy used was 200 and 400 keV. H3+ or D3+ ions were implanted with an energy of 90 keV into Al films. The implantation was done at a fluence of 10^17 (H+ or D+)/cm^2 using a Cockcroft Walton type accelerator. The Al foil used would pass 200 keV electrons. It was bombarded in a HITACHI HU-500 with a beam current of 300 to 400 nA with a beam size of roughly 4x10^-5 cm^2, or (4-6)x10^16 e/ cm^2/s flux electron beam. The area the beam passedthrough was roughly 2x10^-3 cm^2. Total bombarding time was 40 m. The Al target was a 5 mm dia. disk 1 mm thick, but chemically thinned. The particle detectors were 10 mm x 15 mm x 1 mm CR-39 polymer plastic detectors supplied by Tokuyama Soda Co. Ltd. Great care was taken to avoid radon gas exposure. Detectors were set horizontally on either side of the beam 20 mm above the target and two were set vertically one above the other 20 mm to the side of the target but starting at the elevation of the target and going upward (beam source upward from target). The detectors were etched with 6N KOH at 70 deg. C for 2 h. at a rate of 2.7 um/h. Energies and species were determined by comparison of traces by optical microscope with traces of known origin. Traces on the backsides of the detectors were found to be at background level. Background was determined by runing the experiment with Al films not loaded with H or D. Four succesive repititions of the experiment at the 200 keV level were run to confirm the reproducibiliy of the experiment. There was a roughly 100 count above background in each detector, or 1340 total estimated per run for the H-H reaction. A slightly higher rate was indicated for the D-D reaction. This is a rate of 5x10-15 events per electron, or 2x10^14 electrons per event. However, the fusion events per hydrogen pair in the target is 2.8x10^-12 events/H-H pair. The events per collision based on the stimulation energy was calculated to be 10-12 to 10-26 times less than the observed events. The 1996 results (Kamada, Kinoshita, Takahashi) involved similar proceedures but bombardment was at 175 keV using a TEM which simulataneously was used for taking images of the target. Transformed (melted) regions with linear dimensions of about 100 nm were observed that indicated heat evolvement of
Re: [Vo]:Important new Storms paper uploaded
Horace Heffner wrote: On Nov 9, 2007, at 6:28 AM, Jed Rothwell wrote: See: Storms, E. and B. Scanlan. Radiation Produced By Glow Discharge In Deuterium. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy. http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/StormsEradiationp.pdf Apparently, a variety of nuclear reactions can be initiated on or in a solid provided the right conditions, i.e. NAE, are present. The question is, what is the universal condition that is required and what is the underlying mechanism? So far, none of the proposed theories being applied to CF have answered this question. Each theory can only be applied to a small subset of conditions being shown to produce the reactions. I would hope that clever people who are trying to explain CF would stop wasting their time and start looking at all aspects of the real world. I throw out this challenge in the hope that someone will make the effort. Thanks, Horace, for describing this very interesting work. Kamada was obviously not initiating the reaction we are seeing, but the mechanism is probably the same. The question is, which of the many conditions that are being applied is actually important and is essential to making the nuclear reactions occur? Ed Some speculation follows. This experiment is vaguely reminiscent of the early Kamada et al experiments, which showed a dependency on flux, i.e. current density, and which were also highly reproducible. It is unfortunate the implantation and electron beam energies Kamada used were not substantially reduced so as to see the effect of shallow implantation. It is of interest the clear but not noted involvement of oxygen in the Kamada experiments due to the fact an oxide layer exists on the surface of aluminum. Kamada gives a key electron flux as 1x10^19 electrons/(cm^2*s) for generating excess heat, which I calculate to be a bout 1.6 A/cm^2. Interestingly, he obtained similar results with H vs D for nuclear events, but excess heat only for D. His control for the nuclear events experiment was therefore electron bombardment of a non-loaded aluminum target. The control for the excess heat experiment was H loading vs D loading. The interesting thing about the Kamada experiments is the separation of the effects of loading vs electron flux. Though the energy levels differ considerably, it is difficult to not speculate that the Kamada energy levels were not critical, that the critical electron kinetic energy might be well below 1000V, and that the excess electron energy simply, by electron-electron collision, resulted in a lower energy and higher flux at depth, and would be unnecessary for a shallow depth target. This then leads to the prospect of use of high current reverse polarity (cathode momentarily becomes anode) pulses to generate excess heat in the continually and superficially loaded oxygen containing cathode. Such an approach might avoid the need for special surface deformations which change the local flux. Kamada observed metal melting in selected spots in about 10 seconds of electron flux. Use of fast high current density pulses of 10 A/cm^2 or more, an order of magnitude larger at the surface, interlaced with H/D loading at opposite polarity, might make such excess heat processes more uniform and less destructive on average. A summary of the referenced Kamada experiments follows. The 1992 (Kamada) results showed 1.3 MeV or greater 4He (about 80 percent) and 0.4 MeV or greater P (about 20 percent) tracks using Al loaded with *either* H or D. The electron beam energy used was 200 and 400 keV. H3+ or D3+ ions were implanted with an energy of 90 keV into Al films. The implantation was done at a fluence of 10^17 (H+ or D+)/cm^2 using a Cockcroft Walton type accelerator. The Al foil used would pass 200 keV electrons. It was bombarded in a HITACHI HU-500 with a beam current of 300 to 400 nA with a beam size of roughly 4x10^-5 cm^2, or (4-6)x10^16 e/cm^2/s flux electron beam. The area the beam passedthrough was roughly 2x10^-3 cm^2. Total bombarding time was 40 m. The Al target was a 5 mm dia. disk 1 mm thick, but chemically thinned. The particle detectors were 10 mm x 15 mm x 1 mm CR-39 polymer plastic detectors supplied by Tokuyama Soda Co. Ltd. Great care was taken to avoid radon gas exposure. Detectors were set horizontally on either side of the beam 20 mm above the target and two were set vertically one above the other 20 mm to the side of the target but starting at the elevation of the target and going upward (beam source upward from target). The detectors were etched with 6N KOH at 70 deg. C for 2 h. at a rate of 2.7 um/h. Energies and species were determined by comparison of traces by optical microscope with traces of known origin. Traces on the backsides of the detectors were found to be at background level. Background was determined by runing the experiment with
[Vo]:Important new Storms paper uploaded
See: Storms, E. and B. Scanlan. Radiation Produced By Glow Discharge In Deuterium. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy. http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/StormsEradiationp.pdf - Jed
Re: [Vo]:Important new Storms paper uploaded
On Nov 9, 2007, at 6:28 AM, Jed Rothwell wrote: See: Storms, E. and B. Scanlan. Radiation Produced By Glow Discharge In Deuterium. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy. http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/StormsEradiationp.pdf This is landmark research. Modified branching ratios as well as Coulomb barrier defeating at intermediate energies are both clearly demonstrated in what appears to be a highly repeatable protocol. The monoenergetic 0.8±0.1 MeV electrons are a surprise and should give theorists quite a stir. If this can't break down the barriers to research nothing will short of a new product in the aisles of your local super store. Bravo! Horace Heffner http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/
Re: [Vo]:Important new Storms paper uploaded
Horace Heffner wrote: This is landmark research. . . . . . . in what appears to be a highly repeatable protocol. Indeed. I hope it is okay for me to reveal this, but a second cell has already been constructed, and it works as well as the first one. If this can be widely replicated I believe it will be the most important cold fusion experiment since the first one by Fleischmann and Pons. I feel that it has the potential to trigger the Great Turnaround, if it is handled correctly. So far, there is every indication that Storms and Scanlan know how to handle it correctly, and intend to do so. Previous experiments that had the potential to ignite widespread interest in the field were mishandled by the discoverers or by their corporate sponsors. The most heartbreaking example was Fleischmann and Pons at Toyota (IMRA). - Jed
Re: [Vo]:Important new Storms paper uploaded
Horace Heffner wrote: This is landmark research. Modified branching ratios as well as Coulomb barrier defeating at intermediate energies are both clearly demonstrated in what appears to be a highly repeatable protocol. The monoenergetic 0.8±0.1 MeV electrons are a surprise and should give theorists quite a stir. If this can't break down the barriers to research nothing will short of a new product in the aisles of your local super store. Bravo! Storms, E. and B. Scanlan. Radiation Produced By Glow Discharge In Deuterium. http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/StormsEradiationp.pdf Yes, Bravo! indeed. However, let me add one item for consideration, which is bound to be a small irritant for those who do not give the redundant-ground-state theory of R Mills much credence. That is the presence of oxygen, which in these conditions would be a superb catalyst for hydrino formation. Dr. Storms says: When oxygen containing gas, such as O2, D2O, or H2O is added to the D2, a different kind of emission is produced. This radiation is completely stopped by an absorber having 1.74 mg/cm2 added to the absorption produced by the GM counter window of 2.0 mg/cm2 for a total of ~3.74. The radiation could be protons with an energy of at least 0.7 MeV but less than about 1.2 MeV or alphas with an energy of at least 2.9 MeV but less than 4.7 MeV. The low value of this range is required for the particle to pass through the window of the GM tube and a particle having the upper value is stopped by the sum of the window and absorber. END of quote. Therefore, in an effort to cover all the bases, we might add that the radiation could be in the form of hydrinos or hydino-hydrides with an energy intermediate to the proton or alpha. That alternative is falsifiable -- by biasing the window somehow with a negative charge, which would repel hydrinos or hydino-hydrides but attract alphas or protons. Jones
Re: [Vo]:Important new Storms paper uploaded
Jones Beene wrote: Horace Heffner wrote: This is landmark research. Modified branching ratios as well as Coulomb barrier defeating at intermediate energies are both clearly demonstrated in what appears to be a highly repeatable protocol. The monoenergetic 0.8±0.1 MeV electrons are a surprise and should give theorists quite a stir. If this can't break down the barriers to research nothing will short of a new product in the aisles of your local super store. Bravo! Storms, E. and B. Scanlan. Radiation Produced By Glow Discharge In Deuterium. http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/StormsEradiationp.pdf Yes, Bravo! indeed. However, let me add one item for consideration, which is bound to be a small irritant for those who do not give the redundant-ground-state theory of R Mills much credence. That is the presence of oxygen, which in these conditions would be a superb catalyst for hydrino formation. Dr. Storms says: When oxygen containing gas, such as O2, D2O, or H2O is added to the D2, a different kind of emission is produced. This radiation is completely stopped by an absorber having 1.74 mg/cm2 added to the absorption produced by the GM counter window of 2.0 mg/cm2 for a total of ~3.74. The radiation could be protons with an energy of at least 0.7 MeV but less than about 1.2 MeV or alphas with an energy of at least 2.9 MeV but less than 4.7 MeV. The low value of this range is required for the particle to pass through the window of the GM tube and a particle having the upper value is stopped by the sum of the window and absorber. END of quote. Therefore, in an effort to cover all the bases, we might add that the radiation could be in the form of hydrinos or hydino-hydrides with an energy intermediate to the proton or alpha. That alternative is falsifiable -- by biasing the window somehow with a negative charge, which would repel hydrinos or hydino-hydrides but attract alphas or protons. This idea has occurred to us as well. However, I see three problems. First of all, I can not imagine how the hydrino can accumulate this much energy unless it results from a nuclear reaction. How is such energy communicated to a nuclei while allowing it to retain the Mills electron? Second, would a hydrino of lower energy be detected by a GM counter even if it is able to pass through the counter window? Finally, if the energy we measure is close to that of a proposed hydrino, the voltage required to stop it is unsustainable in the gas of the apparatus. Ed Jones
Re: [Vo]:Important new Storms paper uploaded
Edmund Storms wrote: Therefore, in an effort to cover all the bases, we might add that the radiation could be in the form of hydrinos or hydino-hydrides with an energy intermediate to the proton or alpha. That alternative is falsifiable -- by biasing the window somehow with a negative charge, which would repel hydrinos or hydino-hydrides but attract alphas or protons. This idea has occurred to us as well. However, I see three problems. First of all, I can not imagine how the hydrino can accumulate this much energy unless it results from a nuclear reaction. How is such energy communicated to a nuclei while allowing it to retain the Mills electron? Second, would a hydrino of lower energy be detected by a GM counter even if it is able to pass through the counter window? Finally, if the energy we measure is close to that of a proposed hydrino, the voltage required to stop it is unsustainable in the gas of the apparatus. Ed, Your logic about the high energy level, or lack thereof, appears sound. Perhaps Robin has an answer for that. If the effect of oxygen were to remain with Argon substituted for oxygen, for instance, then the case would be stronger. But it is weak now. The only possible way (for the hydrino to be involved) would seem to be if it goes in as a tiny neutral atom of low kinetic energy, but then reacts AFTER it crosses the window in a nuclear reaction (of the required level)... In which case there should be recognizable damage to the GM counter over time. Jones
