Lewis Larsen, weak force LENR for Gold from Tungsten, 2012.05.19 slides 33-39 of 66, text only: Rich Murray 2012.05.24
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-lenr-transmutation-networks-can-produce-goldmay-19-2012 33. Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Cirillo & Iorio also produced Gold from Tungsten ca. 2004 Modern Italian work is ~theoretically equivalent to Nagaoka’s Electric discharge with 74W180-186 cathode in alkaline H2O instead of CnH2n+2 + Hg Unaware of Nagaoka’s much earlier work, ca. 2003 - 2004 D. Cirillo and E. Iorio in Italy inadvertently designed and constructed an LENR experimental system involving electric discharges and Tungsten electrodes that, from a WLT perspective, was ~theoretically equivalent to Nagaoka’s 1920s experimental set-up; they subsequently observed and reported transmutation products that were consistent with Nagaoka's results reported in Nature and operation of the 74W180-seed transmutation network that is described herein Cirillo & Iorio’s modern set-up utilized an “aqueous electrolyte plasma glow-discharge cell” From an abstract broad-brush theoretical viewpoint, main differences between their new experimental system and Nagaoka’s set-up of 80 years earlier was that: (1) in Cirillo & Iorio’s experiments the protons needed to produce LENR neutrons came from hydrogen atoms in water (H2O) instead of in transformer oil (CnH2n+2); and (2) no Mercury (Hg) was initially present in their system, so 80Hg196 + n → 80Hg197 → 79Au197 electron-capture reaction can clearly be excluded as potential source of surface Gold they observed with SEM-EDX In a section following this one, we will speculatively discuss intriguing experimental evidence that certain bacteria could be involved with 74W180-seed network out in Nature May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 33 34. Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Cirillo & Iorio also produced Gold from Tungsten ca. 2004 Schematic overview of Cirillo & Iorio’s LENR experimental apparatus [ Source of Graphic: Nature, 445, January 4, 2007 ] Comment: this LENR experiment involves formation of a dense plasma in a double-layer confined to the surface of Tungsten (W) cathode (-) by a liquid electrolyte Comment on their experimental data: Unbeknownst to the experimenters, they may have had either Barium (Ba) titanate and/or Dysprosium (Dy) as component(s) in the composition of the dielectric ceramic sleeve that was partially covering the cathode immersed in the electrolyte; Ba and/or Dy are commonly present in such ceramics. Under the stated experimental conditions, Ba and Dy could easily 'leach-out' from the _ + surface of the ceramic into the electrolyte, creating yet another 'target' element that could migrate onto the surface of their Tungsten (W) cathode. Since none of the potential intermediate transmutation products such as Nd (Neodymium), Sm (Samarium), and Gd (Gadolinium) were observed, it is possible that there may have been LENR ULM neutron captures starting with Dy → Er (Erbium) → Tm (Thulium) → Yb (Ytterbium), LENR transmutation products that were also observed in these experiments May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 34 35. Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Cirillo & Iorio also produced Gold from Tungsten ca. 2004 Used SEM-EDX to detect intermediate products of 74W180-seed network Paper (conference presentation - not peer- reviewed) D. Cirillo and V. Iorio, “Transmutation of metal at low energy in a confined plasma in water" pp. 492-504 in “Condensed Matter Nuclear Science – Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Cold Fusion,” J-P. Biberian, ed. World Scientific (2006) Free copy of paper available at: http://www.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CirilloDtransmutat.pdf Quoting: “… electrodes are cylindrical rods with a: diameter of 2.45 mm, and a length of 17.5 cm … both are made of pure Tungsten [W] … cathode is partially covered with a ceramic sleeve, which allows … control [of] the dimensions of … exposed cathode surface submerged in … solution.” In their experiments, Rhenium (Re), Osmium (Os), and Gold (Au) were observed post-experimentally as nuclear transmutation products on the Tungsten (W) cathode surface; other LENR transmutation products were also observed (please see our Comment on previous Slide) According to WLT, operation of the 74W180-seed LENR transmutation network could in theory produce a nucleosynthetic pathway of W → Re → Os → Ir → Pt → Au ; in fact, Re, Os, and Au were claimed to have been observed by Cirillo & Iorio in these modern experiments Theoretically similar to Nagaoka’s experiments in 1920s: LENR transmutation products were observed, Gold (Au) in particular, that can be explained with neutron captures were shown and beta- decays beginning with Tungsten (W) as a ‘seed’ Abstract: "Energetic emissions have been observed from an electrolytic cell when tungsten [W] electrodes are used to generate a confined plasma close to the cathode immersed an in an alkaline solution. In addition, energy generation has been observed, always close to the cathode, along with the appearance of new chemical elements in the experimental apparatus. These elements were not present in the cell before the experiment. This observation is proof of nuclear transmutations occurring within the cell. The results of this research and a theoretical model of the phenomenon for the first time on April 18, 2004 during the second Grottammare (Ap) ONNE meeting in Italy.” May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 35 36. Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC Cirillo & Iorio also produced Gold from Tungsten ca. 2004 [ 6 figures, photos, and graphs ] May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 36 37. Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC New 2010-11 experiments and reports by Cirillo et al. Same experimental set-up: first-ever indirect detection of ULM neutrons “Experimental Evidence of a Neutron Flux Generation in a Plasma Discharge Electrolytic Cell” D. Cirillo, R. Germano, V. Tontodonato, A. Widom, Y.N. Srivastava, E. Del Giudice, and G. Vitiello Key Engineering Materials 495 pp. 104 - 107 (2012) doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.495.104 ( $US 28 if purchased online) http://www.scientific.net/KEM.495.104 Abstract: “A substantial neutron flux generated by plasma excitation at the tungsten cathode of an electrolytic cell with alkaline solution is reported. A method based on a CR-39 nuclear track detector coupled to a boron converter was used to detect the neutrons. This method is insensitive to the strong plasma-generated electromagnetic noise that made inconclusive all the previous attempts to identify neutrons in electrolytic plasma environment by means of electric detection techniques.” “Water Plasma Modes and Nuclear Transmutations on the Metallic Cathode of a Plasma Discharge Electrolytic Cell” D. Cirillo, E. Del Giudice, R. Germano, S. Sivasubrammanian, Y.N. Srivastava, V. Tontodonato, G. Vitiello and A. Widom Key Engineering Materials 495 pp. 124 - 128 (2012) doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.495.124 ( $US 28 if purchased online) http://www.scientific.net/KEM.495.124 Abstract: “In the conceptual framework of Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) it has been proven that liquid water is made up of two phases: 1) a coherent phase where the electron cloud of water molecules oscillates in phase with a trapped electromagnetic field within extended regions, called Coherence Domains (CD); 2) a non coherent phase formed by a gas-like ensemble of molecules filling the interstices among the CDs. The constituent molecules of the coherent phase oscillate between their individual ground state and an excited state where one electron is so loosely bound to be considered quasi-free. Therefore the coherent phase contains a plasma of quasi-free electrons. In the bulk water, as in the case of superfluid liquid Helium, each molecule crosses over continuously between the two phases. On the contrary, close to the surface of a metallic cathode in a chemical cell , the attraction between molecules and wall stabilizes the coherent phases so that the layer of interfacial water is mainly coherent and capable of holding a negative electronic charge. When the chemical cell voltage exceeds a threshold, an interfacial water-cathode metal surface plasma mode is developed. >From the collective energies continuously pumped into the plasma, the weak interaction e*- + p+ → n + νe may be induced which produces neutrons and neutrinos from Hydrogen atoms. The neutrons may then ultimately induce other nuclear transmutations on the cathode metal surface.” May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 37 38. Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC LENR networks occur in variety of different environments Large numbers of isotopic anomalies reported; what is causing them? Herein, in previous slides we have discussed an example of a 74W180-seed LENR neutron-catalyzed transmutation network that can start with Tungsten or Tantalum ‘seeds’ and potentially produce stable or unstable Rhenium (Re), Osmium (Os), Iridium (Ir), Platinum (Pt), Gold (Au), Mercury (Hg), Thallium (Tl), Lead (Pb), and even Bismuth (Bi) isotopes as network products Furthermore, in an array of different publications, Lattice has cited and discussed numerous examples of published experimental data that provides strong evidence that LENRs may be widespread in Nature, allowing dynamic nuclear transmutation processes to occur in many different types of ‘milder’ environments besides just the hot cores of stars, detonations of nuclear weapons, and fission reactors Types of varied environments in which LENRs can potentially occur under exactly the right set of conditions include, among many other things: electrolytic chemical cells; pyrolysis processes involving carbon-ring compounds; catalytic converters of cars and trucks; electric current-driven exploding wires; atmospheric lightning; in stellar atmospheres and magnetic flux tubes of stars; during catastrophic fracturing of crustal rocks containing piezoelectric minerals; and last but perhaps not least, maybe during the metabolic and biosynthetic activities of certain bacteria and some fungi May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 38 39. Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements Lattice Energy LLC LENR networks occur in variety of different environments Absence of strong radiation ‘signatures’ renders them unnoticeable Unlike fission and fusion reactions, naturally occurring LENR transmutation processes in condensed matter are biologically benign because they make extensive use of and are enabled by many-body collective effects, quantum phenomena, and the weak interaction. As a result, they typically do not emit dangerous ‘hard’ gamma photon or neutron radiation, nor do they produce large amounts of long-lived radioactive isotopes. LENRs are clean, ‘green,’ ubiquitous, and hidden in plain sight; best way to detect results of such processes are various types of sensitive mass spectroscopy In a recent Lattice PowerPoint presentation ( http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice- energy-llcnew-russian-data-supports-wlt-neutron-production-in-lightningapril-4-2012 ), on Slide #68 we stated that, “Recently, greatly increased use of various types of mass spectroscopy by geochemists, microbiologists, and environmental scientists has revealed that the long standing assumption of effective natural uniformity of U238/U235 ratios across the earth is clearly erroneous; importantly, present-era abiological and/or biologically mediated processes appear to be responsible for such anomalous variances.” We concluded that key remaining questions were whether, “ ... anomalous variances in such isotopic ratios the result of purely chemical ‘fractionation’ process or processes of some sort, and/or could they [alternatively] be caused by low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs), either abiologically or somehow induced by the actions of bacteria through some yet to be clarified mechanism?” Additional research is obviously needed May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 39
