Re: [Vo]:Revised and extended Rydburg ion conjecture
When a metal lattice is hot, three dimensional quantized vibrations travel through its volume. These vibrations are called Phonons. The distances between the atoms in the lattice increase and decrease in proportion to the heat applied to the Lattice. When there is a lattice defect on the surface of a lattice. The coordination number (CN) of the atoms that form the defect decreases. This increases the strength of the remaining bonds of the nickel atoms on the exterior walls of the defect. These atomic CN imperfections induce bond contraction and the associated bond-strength gain deepens the potential well of the trapping in the surface skin. This CN reduction also produces an increase of charge density, energy, and mass of the enclosed hydrogen contained in the relaxed surface skin imperfection. This increased density is far higher than it normally would be at other sites inside the solid. Because of this energy densification, surface stress that is in the dimension of energy density will increase in the relaxed region. When the phonons wave breaks upon the surface imperfection, it is amplified by the abrupt discontinuity is the lattice and concentrated by the increased bond-order-length-strength (BOLS) of the nickel atoms that form the walls of the cavity. This Phonons amplification mechanism is one big advantage provided by the tightly coupled thermodynamic adhesion of the nano-powder to the stainless steel walls of the reaction vessel. This tight coupling allows the thermodynamic feed back mechanism to control and mediate the reaction. It also amplifies and focuses the compressive effects that phonons have on the hydrogen contained in the lattice defects. On Wed, May 18, 2011 at 11:58 PM, mix...@bigpond.com wrote: In reply to Axil Axil's message of Wed, 18 May 2011 22:03:20 -0400: Hi, [snip] During the fusion process as the pressure within the shrinking lattice defect increases, the electrons circulating in the Rydburg ion are heated by increasing rates of subatomic collisions in an ever shrinking volume. What causes the decrease in volume? Regards, Robin van Spaandonk http://rvanspaa.freehostia.com/project.html
Re: [Vo]:Revised and extended Rydburg ion conjecture
Nano-defects are very tough. This toughness and associated resistance to melting and stress is conducive to the production of high pressure inside defect. The smaller the dimensions of the lattice surface defect, the greater is the multiplier on the hardness and the resistance to stress compared to the bulk material. These multiplier factors can range from 3 to 10 based on the properties of the bulk material. Multilayer sites that penetrate down through many lattice layers are more resilient than surface defects. There toughness is proportional to the detailed topology and therefore not generally determined. There is a certain minimum size which one reached reduces the hardness of the nano-defect site. This size is on the order of less than 10 nanometers. On Thu, May 19, 2011 at 11:01 PM, mix...@bigpond.com wrote: In reply to Axil Axil's message of Thu, 19 May 2011 18:13:48 -0400: Hi, [snip] These atomic CN imperfections induce bond contraction and the associated bond-strength gain deepens the potential well of the trapping in the surface skin. By how much? This CN reduction also produces an increase of charge density, energy, and mass of the enclosed hydrogen contained in the relaxed surface skin imperfection. How much density increase, and do you still think that would also happen with H-? Regards, Robin van Spaandonk http://rvanspaa.freehostia.com/project.html
Re: [Vo]:Revised and extended Rydburg ion conjecture
Can the large reported presence of Fe be covered by your explanation? Rust replacing graphite? - Original Message - From: Axil Axil To: vortex-l Sent: Wednesday, May 18, 2011 12:09 AM Subject: [Vo]:Revised and extended Rydburg ion conjecture This revised and extended description of the Rydburg ion conjecture is my best efforts to explain the detailed mechanism consistent with all know facts as revealed by Rossi. In the Rossi reactor, I believe that clusters of coherent and entangled Rydburg hydrogen condensate crystals are formed on the surface of a solid such as graphite. Such ions attain a long average lifetime due to the high pressure and temperatures maintained within the hydrogen envelope of the reaction vessel. This long lifetime is sufficient to permit the ions to drift across the hydrogen envelope. Once they reach the nickel oxide nano-powder affixed to the reaction vessel walls, a hybrid hydride reaction occurs with the highly the eroded nickel oxide surface layer. An alkaline metal with an electric low work function can catalyze the Rydburg cluster emissions especially from the surface of a carbon solid. In more detail, the formation of Rydburg hydrogen is most easily formed from the surfaces of carbon or metal oxides. These planar clusters have six-fold symmetry and contain 7, 19, 37, 61, or 91 atoms. These numbers are the so called magic numbers for closed-pack clusters. Under the assumption that the fusion of these variously sized Rydburg clusters is at the bottom of the Rossi reaction, this distribution in the number of protons based on Rydburg magic number could be the mechanism that produces the various light elements found in the nuclear ash of the Rossi reactor. In these Rydburg clusters, the electrons provide the main structure in which the ions are moving. The ion cores are embedded in a sea of electrons which shield the ions from each other as in an ordinary metal. Because they are quantum mechanically entangled, these multi-atom crystals of hydrogen behave as a single atom. These clusters are very long lived and grow increasingly ionized by atomic and electron impacts that come from the high pressure and temperature of the hydrogen envelope. More generally, these clusters behave and in fact mimic negatively charged hydrogen ions with sufficiently long lifetimes to enter into the lattice defects. These defects have been produced by hydrogen erosion of the nickel oxide nano-powder when the hydrogen gas was first loaded into the reaction chamber at reactor startup. After this adsorption step, these complex H- ions interact with the nickel atoms that form the walls of the lattice defect. It is possible that a number of these complex H- ions can be confined in the nickel lattice defect. In accordance with the Pauli Exclusion Principle and with the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, the conditions are created for replacing electrons of the nickel metal atoms with these complex entangled assemblages of hydrogen atoms, thereby forming metal-hydrogen complex atomic formations. So at the end of this absorption process, these complex H- ions are adsorbed into the lattice interstices, but adsorption at the grain edges, by trapping the negatively charged Rydburg ions into the lattice defects; replacement of an atom of the nickel metal lattice holes may also occur. This event can take place due to the fermion nature of these complex Rydburg H- ion; however, since H- ions have a very large composite atomic mass many times larger than an electron mass, they tend to penetrate very deeply into the nickel lattice structure of the nickel oxide nano-powder, and cause an emission of Auger electrons and of X rays. Thermal oscillations in the metal lattice tend to compress the large number of highly compacted hydrogen atoms which comprise the Rydburg-ion(s) causing a structural reorganization of subatomic particles and freeing energy by mass defect; a fraction of the protons of this assemblage of sequestered hydrogen atoms will carry this fusion reaction energy which expels them from the local of the reaction as individual protons, and can generate secondary nuclear reactions within immediately adjacent neighboring metal cores. To reiterate in more detail, the complex entangled super atom that has been formed by the metal atom capturing the Rydburg H- ion, in the full respect of the energy conservation principle, of the Pauli exclusion principle, and of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, is forced towards an excited status, and reorganizes itself by the migration of the Rydburg - ion towards deeper orbitals or levels, i.e. towards a minimum energy state, thus emitting Auger electrons and X rays during the level changes. The Rydburg - ion falls into a potential hole and concentrates the kinetic energy which was previously distributed evenly
Re: [Vo]:Revised and extended Rydburg ion conjecture
*Addition to post:* ** *Where do the neutrons come from?* In a well know reaction called reverse beta decay a proton P+ can capture a charged lepton l- and produce a neutron and a neutrino. (l-) + (p+) - n + Vl. In order to fulfill the requirements of the conservation of energy, the electron must gain an amount of energy of no less than 1.3 MeV. Electrons are included in the Rydburg crystal and become feedstock for the neutron conversion process during the formation of the new elements. During the fusion process as the pressure within the shrinking lattice defect increases, the electrons circulating in the Rydburg ion are heated by increasing rates of subatomic collisions in an ever shrinking volume. In this way, the electrons achieve a high level of excitation, gain energy, and become heavy. When the electrons make up their energy deficit of at least 1.3 MeV, some numbers of protons are converted into ultra low energy neutrons through heavy electron absorption. Through this process new elements are transmuted. Excess protons that do not participate in the nucleus of the new element are expelled from the lattice defect and interact with the closest nickel cores in their path. On Wed, May 18, 2011 at 1:09 AM, Axil Axil janap...@gmail.com wrote: This revised and extended description of the Rydburg ion conjecture is my best efforts to explain the detailed mechanism consistent with all know facts as revealed by Rossi. In the Rossi reactor, I believe that clusters of coherent and entangled Rydburg hydrogen condensate crystals are formed on the surface of a solid such as graphite. Such ions attain a long average lifetime due to the high pressure and temperatures maintained within the hydrogen envelope of the reaction vessel. This long lifetime is sufficient to permit the ions to drift across the hydrogen envelope. Once they reach the nickel oxide nano-powder affixed to the reaction vessel walls, a hybrid hydride reaction occurs with the highly the eroded nickel oxide surface layer. An alkaline metal with an electric low work function can catalyze the Rydburg cluster emissions especially from the surface of a carbon solid. In more detail, the formation of Rydburg hydrogen is most easily formed from the surfaces of carbon or metal oxides. These planar clusters have six-fold symmetry and contain 7, 19, 37, 61, or 91 atoms. These numbers are the so called magic numbers for closed-pack clusters. Under the assumption that the fusion of these variously sized Rydburg clusters is at the bottom of the Rossi reaction, this distribution in the number of protons based on Rydburg magic number could be the mechanism that produces the various light elements found in the nuclear ash of the Rossi reactor. In these Rydburg clusters, the electrons provide the main structure in which the ions are moving. The ion cores are embedded in a sea of electrons which shield the ions from each other as in an ordinary metal. Because they are quantum mechanically entangled, these multi-atom crystals of hydrogen behave as a single atom. These clusters are very long lived and grow increasingly ionized by atomic and electron impacts that come from the high pressure and temperature of the hydrogen envelope. More generally, these clusters behave and in fact mimic negatively charged hydrogen ions with sufficiently long lifetimes to enter into the lattice defects. These defects have been produced by hydrogen erosion of the nickel oxide nano-powder when the hydrogen gas was first loaded into the reaction chamber at reactor startup. After this adsorption step, these complex H- ions interact with the nickel atoms that form the walls of the lattice defect. It is possible that a number of these complex H- ions can be confined in the nickel lattice defect. In accordance with the Pauli Exclusion Principle and with the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, the conditions are created for replacing electrons of the nickel metal atoms with these complex entangled assemblages of hydrogen atoms, thereby forming metal-hydrogen complex atomic formations. So at the end of this absorption process, these complex H- ions are adsorbed into the lattice interstices, but adsorption at the grain edges, by trapping the negatively charged Rydburg ions into the lattice defects; replacement of an atom of the nickel metal lattice holes may also occur. This event can take place due to the fermion nature of these complex Rydburg H- ion; however, since H- ions have a very large composite atomic mass many times larger than an electron mass, they tend to penetrate very deeply into the nickel lattice structure of the nickel oxide nano-powder, and cause an emission of Auger electrons and of X rays. Thermal oscillations in the metal lattice tend to compress the large number of highly compacted hydrogen atoms which comprise the Rydburg-ion(s) causing a structural
Re: [Vo]:Revised and extended Rydburg ion conjecture
In reply to Axil Axil's message of Wed, 18 May 2011 22:03:20 -0400: Hi, [snip] During the fusion process as the pressure within the shrinking lattice defect increases, the electrons circulating in the Rydburg ion are heated by increasing rates of subatomic collisions in an ever shrinking volume. What causes the decrease in volume? Regards, Robin van Spaandonk http://rvanspaa.freehostia.com/project.html
[Vo]:Revised and extended Rydburg ion conjecture
This revised and extended description of the Rydburg ion conjecture is my best efforts to explain the detailed mechanism consistent with all know facts as revealed by Rossi. In the Rossi reactor, I believe that clusters of coherent and entangled Rydburg hydrogen condensate crystals are formed on the surface of a solid such as graphite. Such ions attain a long average lifetime due to the high pressure and temperatures maintained within the hydrogen envelope of the reaction vessel. This long lifetime is sufficient to permit the ions to drift across the hydrogen envelope. Once they reach the nickel oxide nano-powder affixed to the reaction vessel walls, a hybrid hydride reaction occurs with the highly the eroded nickel oxide surface layer. An alkaline metal with an electric low work function can catalyze the Rydburg cluster emissions especially from the surface of a carbon solid. In more detail, the formation of Rydburg hydrogen is most easily formed from the surfaces of carbon or metal oxides. These planar clusters have six-fold symmetry and contain 7, 19, 37, 61, or 91 atoms. These numbers are the so called magic numbers for closed-pack clusters. Under the assumption that the fusion of these variously sized Rydburg clusters is at the bottom of the Rossi reaction, this distribution in the number of protons based on Rydburg magic number could be the mechanism that produces the various light elements found in the nuclear ash of the Rossi reactor. In these Rydburg clusters, the electrons provide the main structure in which the ions are moving. The ion cores are embedded in a sea of electrons which shield the ions from each other as in an ordinary metal. Because they are quantum mechanically entangled, these multi-atom crystals of hydrogen behave as a single atom. These clusters are very long lived and grow increasingly ionized by atomic and electron impacts that come from the high pressure and temperature of the hydrogen envelope. More generally, these clusters behave and in fact mimic negatively charged hydrogen ions with sufficiently long lifetimes to enter into the lattice defects. These defects have been produced by hydrogen erosion of the nickel oxide nano-powder when the hydrogen gas was first loaded into the reaction chamber at reactor startup. After this adsorption step, these complex H- ions interact with the nickel atoms that form the walls of the lattice defect. It is possible that a number of these complex H- ions can be confined in the nickel lattice defect. In accordance with the Pauli Exclusion Principle and with the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, the conditions are created for replacing electrons of the nickel metal atoms with these complex entangled assemblages of hydrogen atoms, thereby forming metal-hydrogen complex atomic formations. So at the end of this absorption process, these complex H- ions are adsorbed into the lattice interstices, but adsorption at the grain edges, by trapping the negatively charged Rydburg ions into the lattice defects; replacement of an atom of the nickel metal lattice holes may also occur. This event can take place due to the fermion nature of these complex Rydburg H- ion; however, since H- ions have a very large composite atomic mass many times larger than an electron mass, they tend to penetrate very deeply into the nickel lattice structure of the nickel oxide nano-powder, and cause an emission of Auger electrons and of X rays. Thermal oscillations in the metal lattice tend to compress the large number of highly compacted hydrogen atoms which comprise the Rydburg-ion(s) causing a structural reorganization of subatomic particles and freeing energy by mass defect; a fraction of the protons of this assemblage of sequestered hydrogen atoms will carry this fusion reaction energy which expels them from the local of the reaction as individual protons, and can generate secondary nuclear reactions within immediately adjacent neighboring metal cores. To reiterate in more detail, the complex entangled super atom that has been formed by the metal atom capturing the Rydburg H- ion, in the full respect of the energy conservation principle, of the Pauli exclusion principle, and of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, is forced towards an excited status, and reorganizes itself by the migration of the Rydburg - ion towards deeper orbitals or levels, i.e. towards a minimum energy state, thus emitting Auger electrons and X rays during the level changes. The Rydburg - ion falls into a potential hole and concentrates the kinetic energy which was previously distributed evenly over the entire entangled volume of the entire Rydburg hydrogen crystal into a smaller volume whose radius is about 5x10e-15 m. This results in the fusion of the constituent hydrogen atoms into various light elements which form a light atomic weight ash and whose feedstock is solely hydrogen atoms. The secondary fusion process generates copper
