-Caveat Lector-
an excerpt from:
Treason in America -- From Aaron Burr to Averell Harriman
ANTON CHAITKIN (C)1984
New Benjamin Franklin House
P. O. Box 20551
New York, New York 10023
ISBN 0-933488-32-7
-----
PART I
The British-Swiss Secret Service In North America
-1-
Benedict Arnold
Re-Examined
On August 24, 1814, invading British armies entered Washington, D.C. and
burned the Capitol, the White House, and the other government buildings, in a
classic demonstration of the "arrogance of power."
But for the astonishing valor and intelligence of America's tiny navy during
the Second War of Independence (1812-1815), the United States would likely
have ceased to exist.
The country was defenseless; its financial, industrial, and military power
had been systematically stripped away since 1801. Just as today, with
demolished auto, steel, rail, port, and housing industries, the nation is
vulnerable to our military and economic rivals, and financially terrorized by
the Swiss and British through Paul Volcker's Federal Reserve; so, then, the
country had been deliberately steered away from the nation-building,
strong-government policies of Washington and Hamilton, and made weak— the
object of contempt and ridicule by the enemies of freedom, who applauded U.S.
"budget cuts."
It is time to put to rest the notion that "fiscal austerity" or "cutbacks to
pay debt" are somehow American answers to growing deficits. These policies
were smuggled into the United States by our foreign enemies and were imposed
on the country in a coordinated attempt to end the American republic. That
this is literally true and a precise description of events in the first
quarter century of our national independence, will be shown here.
Alexander Hamilton's founding policies for the United States— a national bank
providing cheap credit for productive enterprise; national sponsorship for
the building of roads, canals, harbors and later railroads; and government
protection of developing industries from British trade war
("competition"--continued the tradition of Jean Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683),
French finance minister under Louis XIV. The Congress enacted these policies,
and America assumed its place among the powers of the earth.
But the founders were displaced from power, Hamilton was killed and his
policies reversed by a British-Swiss secret intelligence organization, among
whose principal American agents were Vice-President Aaron Burr (1756-1836)
and Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin (1761-1849).
Facing bankruptcy as a result of the losing, worldwide conflict with America,
and threatened with global emulation of the American republican experiment,
the British Empire responded by organizing a campaign to subvert enemy
governments. The U.S.A. must be reconquered, the oligarchs vowed. France must
be destroyed, and Spanish America must be captured before being lost to
independent republicanism.
The campaign was directed by William Petty, Earl of Shelburne, whose new
British Secret Intelligence Service represented an alliance of "noble"
families of Switzerland, Scotland and England. The eyes and the arms of this
apparatus were provided by the British East India Company. Company Chairman
George Baring's family, along with the Hopes, were the AngloDutch financial
power. Shelburne and Baring used the Company to employ a legion of
"theorists," including Adam Smith, Jeremy Bentham, and Thomas Malthus. They
controlled an elite army of spies and assassins, based primarily in Geneva.
We will present here the simple, direct evidence that Burr and Gallatin were
not Americans, but British agents based in this Genevan assassin-nobility.
Aaron Burr and Benedict Arnold
Aaron Burr killed Alexander Hamilton. Later, he was tried for treason after
leading a mercenary army against the United States. He was acquitted in that
trial because the existing evidence was not presented to the jury. Burr fled
the country under state indictments for murder and treason, only to return,
have all charges quietly dropped, and become a rich New York lawyer. All Burr
biographies speculate on the "psychological drives" which may have motivated
his "adventures." No book in existence today raises even a question that Burr
may have been a spy.
As for Gallatin, who migrated to America and spent a lifetime trying to
destroy the country, no biography even hints of base motives.
On July 11, 1982, the anniversary of Hamilton's shooting, The New York Times
carried a major "reassessment" of Burr's guilt:
The indictment of Aaron Burr for treason 175 years ago proved to be the final
blow to the former Vice President's reputation and political career, even
though he was found not guilty of the charge. Now, a scholar contends that a
coded letter implicating Burr and long believed to have been written by him
was in fact written by an associate.
That letter . . . supposedly showed that Burr was planning to seize Kentucky,
Tennessee, and Mexico for his own undefined political purposes. And it was
that letter that persuaded President Thomas Jefferson to issue a warrant for
Burr's arrest.
Citing handwriting analysis, the scholar . . . contends that the letter was
written by Jonathan Dayton....
"Burr was probably guilty of something, but no one's absolutely sure of
what.... [Burr was] close to a nervous breakdown. "
Why does The New York Times attempt to resurrect Aaron Burr, and in effect,
celebrate the anniversary of Burr's murder of Hamilton?
To answer this question is to unlock crucial secrets of American
history—"secrets" which have remained so only because of the self-imposed
blindness of historians for more than a century. And it will reveal the
deeper significance of the Times's backing for the austerity policies of
today's "Albert Gallatins"— Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker and the
Swiss-based international monetary powers.
Aaron Burr's maternal grandparents were the famous anti-rationalist
theologian, Jonathan Edwards, and Sarah Pierrepont, whose family intermarried
with the (J. P.) Morgans, later the owners of The New York Times. Taking an
extreme form of the anti-free will doctrine of Geneva's John Calvin as his
starting point, Edwards was at the same time an apostle of the British
determinist philosophers Hobbes, Locke, and Hume. The result was a
particularly savage notion of Man forced to submit blindly to the capricious
will of an incomprehensible God. A counterpole to the ideas of progress
expressed by the Pilgrim Fathers, Edwards was applauded as America's greatest
original mind by the royalist reactionaries of Europe.
Burr's father, Aaron Burr, Sr., visited Edwards as a disciple and married his
daughter, Esther. The family scene was one of chaotic terror: two of Esther's
sisters (Burr's aunts) were institutionalized for insanity and one murdered
her own daughter; an uncle of Edwards slashed his own throat at the height of
an Edwards revival frenzy.(1)
Aaron Burr, Jr., was born in Newark, New Jersey, in 1756. His parents both
died in his infancy, and the orphan boy was taken to live with family friends
who were prominent merchants, the Shippens of Philadelphia. His step-sister
in this household, Margaret "Peggy" Shippen, became the wife and instigator
of the world's most famous traitor, Benedict Arnold.
Later, while living with his uncle, Burr was tutored by Tapping Reeve in
marksmanship and the arts of diplomacy—rhetoric and dissimulation. He
attended Princeton University, then called the College of New Jersey, from
1769 to 1772. His father had been the second president of the college, his
grandfather the third. As the political conflict with the British grew, the
sympathies of the students were largely with the American cause; Burr's
classmate James Madison and others joined the patriot Whig Society. But Burr
marked himself for the attention of nervous British authorities. He organized
the Cliosophic Society in opposition to the Whigs. Reciting cynical British
poetry, Burr and his student followers spent their nights in bars and
brothels, their days scoffing at the more politically inclined.(2)
Among those who must have taken a particular interest in the young nihilist
was the highest-ranking British military officer in New Jersey, James Mark
Prevost. James Prevost and two brothers(3) had left Geneva, Switzerland, in
the 1750s to enter the British service; they had been army officers in the
French and lndian War. The Prevost family in Geneva were hereditary members
of the ruling Council of 200. Abraham Prevost was principal of the University
of Geneva during the American Revolution. In England and in Switzerland, the
Prevosts were intermarried with the Mallets; the Mallet-Prevosts, who lived
as a single extended family, will form the most important link in this story
of assassins sent against America. And it was the Prevost family, as we shall
see, who finally gave the orphan Aaron Burr a home and identity.
Following his Princeton career, Burr re-immersed himself in grandfather
Jonathan Edwards's "New Light" visions by enrolling in a theological school
taught by another Edwards disciple in Connecticut. At the end of nine months
of this religious training, Burr stole a horse and rode to Litchfield, to be
tutored again by his shooting teacher Tapping Reeve.(4)
Reeve taught Burr the basics of British law, and with Burr as his first
student, Reeve went on to establish the first law school in America. Tapping
Reeve, now married to Burr's sister Sally, trained two generations of
positivists and aspiring oligarchs from the Southern plantations and the New
England shipping and slave-trading families.
Sally Burr Reeve was one of the countless women who served Aaron Burr as
efficient instruments—like a glove through which Burr could reach out and
handle his agents and dupes.
Aaron Burr Joins the Army
The tradition of two centuries of history says that Aaron Burr was a daring
American soldier, a hero of the Revolution. No biographer contradicts this
estimation. Let the reader decide the value of the tradition.
While at the Litchfield Law School, Burr struck up an intense friendship with
Dolly Quincy, then the fiancee of Continental Congress leader John Hancock.
Miss Quincy was passing the summer at the home of one of Burr's cousins, who
was Hancock's friend. When war broke out at Lexington and Concord, Aaron Burr
went to Philadelphia carrying Dolly's recommendation, and secured from John
Hancock, by then her husband, a letter of introduction to the commander of
the new Continental Army, George Washington.
Burr went back to Boston in the summer of 1775, suddenly "ablaze with
patriotism, " as one biographer puts it. (5) The American army was camped
outside the enemy-occupied city. Burr presented Hancock's letter to General
Washington, who took one look at the applicant and denied Burr's request for
a commission.
But Burr did not leave. While Washington fought desperately to whip his
undisciplined ranks into a combat force, Burr wandered on and off the post,
flashing his Hancock letter.(6)
After two months of this, Burr found a way around Washington's watchful eye.
An expedition of 1,200 soldiers had set out on the march to Quebec, under the
leadership -of Colonel Benedict Arnold. Burr walked 60 miles north of camp to
meet the expedition. He had no commission—he was a "gentleman volunteer." He
said he would pay his own way, and he was accepted by Arnold.
The first of Burr's revolutionary exploits entered the history books on the
basis of Burr's testimony alone. Colonel Arnold wanted to link up with
General Richard Montgomery's forces over a hundred miles away, moving toward
Quebec after conquering Montreal. Arnold sent Burr as a messenger, and Burr's
account of what happened is reported without comment by biographer Holmes
Alexander: "In order to traverse the strange, hostile [i.e.
British-controlled] territory, Aaron devised an ingenious plan. He disguised
himself as a priest, affected a college patois of French and Latin and
guilelessly presented himself at a nearby monastery. Here, prevailing upon
the holy father for assistance, he obtained a guide, who brought him swiftly
to Montgomery's camp."(7)
Is this a true story? Before rejecting it as absurd, consider its possible
partial truth from the fact that the Catholic Church in Canada, largely
Jesuit-controlled, had reached an agreement with the British authorities to
cooperate with British rule, while being allowed to maintain their religion
and French language. In any case, somehow Burr was escorted in the manner and
comfort of a royal guest through enemy territory and arrived at the camp of
General Montgomery, who was so dazzled with Burr's apparent ingenuity that he
made him a captain and an aide de camp. Montgomery now joined Arnold's forces
to prepare the final assault on Quebec, and Burr got the assignment he had
sought— to be a spy and scout behind enemy lines.(8) In the closing pages of
the first full-fledged Burr biography, Englishman James Parton harks back to
a scene in preparation for the attack:
During the expedition to Canada, while the American forces lay near the
heights of Quebec, Burr . . . went down to a small brook to drink. Having no
cup, he was proceeding to use the top of his cap as a drinking vessel, when a
British officer who had come to the other side of the brook for the same
purpose saluted him politely, and offered him the use of his hunting cup.
Burr accepted the offer, and the two enemies entered into conversation. The
officer, pleased with the frank and gallant bearing of the youth . . .
concluded the interview by [giving Burr] part of a horse's tongue. They
inquired each other's name. "When next we meet," said the Briton, "it will be
as enemies, but if we -should ever come together after the war is over, let
us -know each other better."
Stepping upon some stones in the middle of the brook, they shook hands, and
parted. In u the subsequent operations of the war, each saw the other
occasionally, but before the peace the British officer went home badly
wounded. Thirty-six years after, when Colonel Burr was an exile in Scotland,
he met that officer again . . .(9)
When the Montgomery-Arnold forces finally launched what was supposed to be a
surprise attack on the fortress of Quebec, the British had somehow learned of
the plan, the timing, and the place of attack. (10) The Americans were
slaughtered. Canada was lost, to remain a British base of subversive
operations against the U.S.A.
But in the crushing defeat, Burr emerged a hero! One of Burr's followers from
Princeton had also joined the expedition as chaplain, and his story was
circulated by the rumor mills to Congress: General Montgomery was shot dead
inside the fort, and all others who had gone inside lay dead or dying except
Burr. He walked over and picked up the body of the general, and the British
stopped firing as he walked out of the fort with it, in honor of such a noble
and courageous act!
Arnold refused to give up the attempt on Quebec; he stayed through the winter
and gathered more forces from the lower colonies. But in May 1776, Aaron Burr
simply deserted(11) and went to New York. One of his cousins had obtained for
him an appointment to Washington's staff. Burr left behind him a newfound
friend and correspondent in the Arnold camp: General James Wilkinson, whose
career as an enemy agent later intertwined with Burr's at many crucial points.
Burr arrived at Washington's New York headquarters with a hero's reputation,
and took up his duties as secretary to the commander-in-chief, assigned to
copy the most crucial military secrets. Within a few days, Washington fired
Burr. As biographer Milton Lomask puts it: "Some sprightly tales have been
written of Burr's service . . . how he examined documents meant only for the
general's eyes . . . there is reason to believe that something happened
between Washington and Burr during the latter's short stay at Richmond Hill
headquarters—something that, were we to know its nature, might explain
Washington's frequently ungracious treatment of Burr in the years to come.
Clearly something in the manner of the younger man annoyed the older one
Perhaps it was Burr's innate air of superiority, derived from his family
background...."(12)
Upon Burr's complaint, John Hancock got him transferred to the command of
General Putnam. Burr bulled his way to a promotion by disobeying orders and
making bold sallies in contempt of senior officers, with sometimes pretty,
but always inconsequential, results.
In the winter of 1777, Washington's troops were holed up in Valley Forge,
Pennslyvania, ragged, cold, and weary. Colonel Aaron Burr, with a retinue of
spies and scouts, was hanging around the fringes of British-occupied New York
Burr wrote to Washington asking him to send his 2,000 best troops for Burr to
lead in a final assault on New York City.
Washington responded by ordering that Burr's troops be merged into his
command in Pennsylvania. But Burr and his immediate circle were never cold,
hungry, or ill-clothed at Valley Forge. They were supplied with the best of
everything by the British Burr and his men would often reappear in camp,
plump and dressed in the finest; on occasion Burr would quiet the mumblings
by distributing a small part of these goods to the camp. Burr explained that
his spies kept him informed of where the British supply caravans would be
passing through; his stocks, he said, came from raiding these British wagons.
(13)
A few miles south, the British army occupied Philadelphia. Among the most
prominent Tories, who came out to gala parties of the British officers, was
Aaron Burr's step-sister, Peggy Shippen. At one famous dance, the
"Mischianza," she appeared with her boyfriend, Major John Andre, adjutant
general of the British Army.
Major Andre, born in London, was the son of a Geneva, Switzerland,
merchant-banker. John was sent from London to Geneva to receive his training
in military and related arts at the University of Geneva during the late
1760s.(14) Now, in Philadelphia, Major Andre and Miss Shippen were preparing
what would be American history's most famous treason.
At the same time, Burr, now an American colonel, began making visits to the
New Jersey home of British Captain James Mark Prevost, who was in the South
fighting the Americans. James's brother Augustine was by then the Commander
of British forces in the South, and he and James became governor and
lieutenant governor of Georgia after it was reconquered by the British. Burr
was visiting Mrs. Prevost, whom he was later to marry,, who introduced him to
the works and the world of Jeremy Bentham and Voltaire.
These were no mere literary favorites of Theodosia Prevost. Bentham was then
living on the estate of British intelligence overlord Shelburne, sharing in
the work of controlling agents around the world; and Voltaire was an
acquaintance of Mrs. Prevost's brother-in-law General Augustine Prevost, from
as early as 1767.
Jacques Mallet du Pan, the founder of the British branch of the Mallet
family, began his association with Voltaire in 1770, frequently visiting his
residence outside Geneva until Voltaire's death in 1778. In 1772, on
Voltaire's recommendation, Mallet du Pan became a professor of history in the
German province ruled by the Landgrave of Hesse, who within a few years was
to sell his people to King George to be mercenaries against America.
Mallet du Pan's services to British intelligence will be noted later.
In April 1778, Burr requested a transfer to the staff of General Horatio
Gates. The "Conway Cabal" of anti-Washington political and military men had
made Gates their intended replacement for commander-in-chief. While they
circulated slanders against Washington, Gates refused the commander's orders
to move south with his troops to Washington's assistance. General Gates's
chief aide and secretary was General James Wilkinson, Burr's confidante from
the Canada expedition.
Doubly confirmed in his suspicions, Washington squelched Burr's request to
join Gates.(15)
In the spring of 1779, Benedict Arnold and Peggy Shippen were married, and
the first letters negotiating Arnold's treason, conduited through his wife,
went between Arnold and Major Andre. (16)
Meanwhile Aaron Burr, closely watched by George Washington, finally got
himself transferred out of the area by contracting "nervous fatigue." Burr's
contacts arranged that he be assigned to supervise the activities of
espionage agents, whom Burr regularly sent to New York to "study British
shipping" in the enemy capital.
In September 1778, Burr transferred to West Point, the crucial fortress on
the Hudson which blocked the British Navy's passage north from New York City
and guarded the American connections between New England and the southern
colonies. Burr had two to four months there to study the fort's layout and
its defenders.
In January 1779, Burr transferred to White Plains, just north of the city.
>From this base he rode every night down to the British lines. (17) The
official story was that he used the knowledge gained to plan raids against
enemy outposts.
The Benedict Arnold plot came to its climax in September 1780 Peggy Shippen
Arnold left Philadelphia to be with her husband for the planned surrender of
West Point, whose command Arnold had succeeded in obtaining On her way she
stopped in Paramus, New Jersey, to confer with Mrs. Prevost. When the
conspiracy collapsed, Andre and his assistant Joshua Hett Smith were
captured, Arnold fled to the British, and his wife play-acted her way past
Alexander Hamilton's interrogation.
On her first day out of West Point, Mrs. Arnold stopped again at the Prevost
mansion. Matthew Davis, longtime aide and finally executor for Aaron Burr,
wrote in his 1836 edition of Burr's Memoirs:
Mrs. Prevost was known as the wife of a British officer, and connected with
the royalists. In her, therefore, Mrs. Arnold could confide.
As soon as they were left alone, Mrs. Arnold became tranquilized, and assured
Mrs. Prevost that she was heartily sick of the theatrics she was exhibiting.
She stated that she had corresponded with the British commander—that she was
disgusted with the American cause and those who had the management of public
affairs and that, through great persuasion and unceasing perserverance, she
had ultimately brought the general into an arrangement to surrender West
Point to the British.(18)
Aaron Burr and the Escape of the Traitors
On this visit, Theodosia's boyfriend, Aaron Burr, was also present.
The Shippen family complained in a bitter historical record— never printed
until 1900—that Aaron Burr, in this post-West Point encounter, made sexual
advances to Mrs. Arnold which she repulsed. The Shippens conjectured what
Burr's "line" must have been: that he would now care for her, that after all
he had promised her parents, his own step-parents, that he would look after
her in the future.(19)
Benedict Arnold's accomplice Joshua Hett Smith,(20) in whose coat Major John
Andre was captured, was arrested and held for trial. He admitted that he had
brought Andre from the British ship Vulture for his meeting with Arnold,
which took place in his house; that he had hidden Andre in his house; and
that he had provided him with a disguise and conducted him toward New York,
the plans of West Point hidden in Andre's clothes. In the words of George
Washington, Smith was to be prosecuted "for aiding and assisting Benedict
Arnold, late a Major General in our service, in a combination with the enemy,
to take, kill, and seize such of the loyal citizens or soldiers of these
United States, as were in garrison at West Point and its dependencies."
Joshua Hett Smith was acquitted at the court martial on the pretext that he
was only obeying Benedict Arnold; but he was held for a civilian trial on
similar charges. While he was being transported as prisoner to another court,
the convoy stopped at the home of his brother Thomas Smith. Aaron Burr was
there. Burr succeeded in delaying the party overnight, and tried various
stratagems to stall their progress longer, but they moved on. Later however,
while awaiting his civilian trial, Joshua Smith escaped from custody, fled to
New York and thence London, where he lived in the comfort and grace of his
nephew's family, the Mallets.
At the point of Joshua Smith's escape, Aaron Burr, having resigned from the
army, was studying law in that very same home of Thomas Smith, Esq., who is
described by biographer Milton Lomask as "a respected figure in the
profession.''(21) George Washington thought otherwise, however.
Washington noted that the discovery that Thomas Smith had been seen behind
enemy lines after Arnold's treason "may . . added to other circumstances of a
suspicious nature, furnish the legislature with good reasons for removing the
Gentleman in question from Haverstraw, which, from its vicinity to our posts,
affords him an opportunity of gaining and giving intelligence very material
to the enemy and injurious to us. Of his dispositions to do this there is
little doubt."(22)
As for Benedict Arnold, he came back into action leading British troops who
were burning Arnerican villages along the James River. Somewhat earlier,
further South and equally infamous, the commander and sub-commander of
raiding and burning British forces had been General Augustine Prevost and
Colonel Mark Prevost, respectively the brother-in-law and the husband of
Aaron Burr's sometime girlfriend.
Major Andre was hanged for his role in Arnold's treason; historians today
still mourn his "unfortunate" end, a spy's death being an indignity for
someone of Andre's breeding. But Andre's family did well. Merged into the de
Neuflize family, and joining the Mallets, they formed the de Neuflize,
Schlumberger, Mallet (NSM)) Bank—now known to the world as the Schlumberger
financial and intelligence interests.
Aaron Burr married Mrs. Theodosia Prevost in July 1782, after being informed
that her husband had died while on tour with the British army. He was now a
husband, step-father, cousin, and uncle of Mallet-Prevosts in many very
important places.
pps. 3-17
--(notes)--
1. Alexander, Holmes: Aaron Burr, The Proud Pretender, Harper and Brothers,
New York, 1937, p. 7.
2. Burr, Aaron, and Davis, Matthew L., Memoirs of Aaron Burr, with
Miscellaneous Selections from his Correspondence, Matthew L. Davis ed.,
Harper and Brothers, New York, 1836, Vol. I, p. 20. See also Lomask, Milton,
Aaron Burr, 1756-1805, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, 1979, pp. 68-69.
3. The genealogies and official histories of the Prevost and Mallet families
are given in Mallet-Prevost, Severo, Historical Notes and Biographical
Sketches Regarding the American Branch of the Mallet Family, 1794-1930, New
York, 1930; and Choisy, Albert, Notice genealogique et historique sur la
famille Mallet de Geneve, Geneva, 1930.
4. Alexander, Pretender, p. 21.
5. Lomask, Burr ]756-1805, p. 34.
6. Vail, Philip, The Great Amencan Rascal, Hawthorn Books, New York,
1973, pp. 11-12.
7. Alexander, Pretender, p. 44.
8. ibid., pp. 45-46. Parton,James, The Life and Times of Aaron Burr,
Houghton, Osgood and Company, Boston, 1880, Vol I, p. 73.
9. Parton, Life and Times, Vol. II, pp. 317-318.
10 vi Rascal, p. 22.
11. Parton, Life
12. Lomask, Burr I 1756-1805, p. 74.
13. Vail. Rascal, p. 36.
14. Sargent, Winthrop, The Life and Career of Major John Andre, W. Abbatt New
York, 1969, p. 8.
15. For Burr's hearty affiliation with the Conway Cabal, see Burr, Memoirs,
Vol. I, p. 23; the memoirs are edited and come with commentary by Matthew
Davis, Burr's aide and executor, who writes forthrightly about Burr's
attitude.
16. See Van Doren, Carl Clinton, Secret History of the American Revolution. .
. Drawn from the Secret Service Papers of the British Headquarters in North
America, The Viking Press, New York, 1941. Van Doren's treatment of the
Benedict Arnold treason and other such British operations, though very
"revealing," should be read with some caution. It is taken from papers the
British authorities chose to release about the period in question, and may be
particularly misleading in its emphasis on spectacular, or even pornographic,
espionage affairs, diverting attention from relatively more significant
matters of philosophy, commitment and enemy organization among prominent
Americans.
17. Van, Rascal, p. 39.
18. Burr, Memoirs, Vol. I, pp. 219-220.
19. Walker, Lewis Burd, "Life of Margaret Shippen, Wife of Benedict Arnold,"
in Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. XXIV, 1900 pages
408-409, and Vol. XXV, July, 1901, pp. 152-156. The material is taken from
the papers of the Shippen family.
20. For Joshua Hett Smith see Koke, Richard J., Accomplice in Treason: Joshua
Hett Smith and the Arnold Conspiracy, New-York Historical Society, New York,
1973.
21. Lomask, Burr 1756-1805, p. 75.
22, George Washington to William Duer, Commissioner for Detecting
Conspiracies in New York State; Writings of George Washington, ed. John C.
Fitzpatrick, Washington, D. C., 1931-1944, Vol. XX, p. 226, quoted in Koke,
Accomplice in Treason, p. 164.
--cont--
Aloha, He'Ping,
Om, Shalom, Salaam.
Em Hotep, Peace Be,
Omnia Bona Bonis,
All My Relations.
Adieu, Adios, Aloha.
Amen.
Roads End
Kris
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