-Caveat Lector- From: The Times http://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/0,,2-97518,00.html MONDAY MARCH 12 2001 Foot-and-mouth Nazis planned to use virus against Britain FROM ROGER BOYES IN BERLIN NAZI Germany was ready to deploy the foot-and-mouth virus as a biological weapon against Britain in the final months of the war, according to German historians. The effect of the virus was understood by the German military which was convinced that, if efficiently delivered, foot-and-mouth could paralyse Britain. Research into the disease was part of a broad bacteriological warfare programme put together under the umbrella of Himmler's SS. Hitler, who was gassed in the First World War, opposed the offensive first use of biological weapons against humans. However, he did allow scientific work into "defensive" uses of biochemicals. Foot-and-mouth, deployed against animals rather than humans, was given the go-ahead. According to documents examined by the Robert Bosch Institute for Medical History, British livestock was seen as particularly vulnerable. In 1938, German rural communities were hit by foot-and-mouth disease but were able to regain control after short periods of quarantine. Farmers were ordered to stay at home and food was passed to them through their windows. After secret field testing, however, German scientists were sure that Britain could be damaged much more than Germany by the virus. Hanns Christoph Nagel, Germany's chief vet, said after the tests that "the virus can be used successfully against England because the beef herds have only weak immunity against it". German livestock had stronger immunity and so the risk of German animals being affected - should wind changes carry the virus back to Germany - was minimal. First experiments on foot-and-mouth as an offensive weapon were carried out by Professor Reinhard Otto, of Germany's Secret Medical Council. By the spring of 1943 German scientists were ready for field tests on an island in occupied northwest Russia. The virus was cultivated on the secluded German island of Riems where the German Government is at present conducting BSE tests. It was diluted and poured into a spray tank attached to a bomber. The Russian terrain was sprayed and 40 out of 50 reindeer quickly developed symptoms of the disease. German scientists also tried to insert dried foot-and-mouth virus material into animal fodder. This, too, proved effective and would have been one way of infecting British livestock. As the war turned against Germany so the Nazi and military leadership tried more frantically to come up with weapons that could recapture command of the air, make Britain buckle and fend off the approaching Soviet troops. Himmler pressed the biological researchers, many of them working at remote research stations in the Poznan area, to come up with more aggressive biochemical weapons. The plans for a foot-and-mouth virus attack on Britain were never put into practice because there was no guarantee that bombers would be able to manage to drop the material. Had a foot-and-mouth bomber been shot down before reaching Britain, the attack could well have backfired. The entomologist Eduard May was ordered to study the feasibility of breeding millions of malaria-carrying mosquitoes and dropping them over the Mazurian lakes as the Russians advanced. Production of the nerve gasses Tabun and Sarin was stepped up. By contrast, the foot-and-mouth virus was a harmless weapon. Even so, piles of documentation about the virus, prepared under the auspices of the Kurt Blome, were shipped to the United States. Blome, cleared at Nuremberg of having experimented with human beings, was quickly removed to the United States where he spent many months briefing American scientists about Nazi research. Copyright 2001 Times Newspapers Ltd. 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