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To gather the saliva directly, the dog was
surgically prepared with a fistula through the cheek
through which the saliva was brought outside
the mouth. Conditioned stimuli in Pavlov's work ranged
through a great variety of lights,sounds,touches or
shocks to the skin,odors,temperature changes. Pavlov
used almost anything you might think od f. We need to
note only two more facts of immediate concern and one
which will interest us later. The first two are that
the conditioned stimulus normally brings out its own
"unconditioned response"(and this is usually
ignored as of no special interest); the second fact is
that the conditioned stimulus is normally presented
first in a time sequence. It has been reasonably well
established that the best results will be obtained if
the CS preceedes the UncS by about half-second. The
third fact, which we will not worry about at present,
is that the dog is normally hungry when a session
begins. When an experimenter is ready to "condition"
an organism he tries to eliminate any disturbing
circumstances. He isolates the subject as nearly as
possible so that only the CS and the UncS will be
effective. He then begins to present the stimuli, the
CS first, followed by the UncS, and awaits
developments. As the trials follow ( the trials can be
of crucial importance) the response to be conditioned
begins to come forward in time. After about seven to
ten trials (in Pavlov's arrangements) formerly
"unconditioned response" would occur "before" the
unconditioned stimulus was presented. When this
happens, the response is considered to have been
conditioned, i.e., it has been brought under the
control of conditions arranged by the experimenter.
http://forum.onecenter.com/cgi-bin/forum/forum.cgi?c=msg&fid=ecclies&mid=77
[hypnosis at a distance effectively blankets the
conditioning parameters]
http://forum.onecenter.com/cgi-bin/forum/forum.cgi?c=msg&fid=psychops&mid=257
James
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