-Caveat Lector-
Begin forwarded message:
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Date: January 21, 2007 9:31:27 PM PST
To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Cc: [EMAIL PROTECTED], [EMAIL PROTECTED], [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Subject: Whatever Happened to ENMOD?
http://sunshine-project.org/ <plenty of interesting items>
http://www.edmonds-institute.org/pimiento.html
CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OF MILITARY OR ANY OTHER HOSTILE USE
OF ENVIRONMENTAL MODIFICATION TECHNIQUES
Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10,
1976. The Convention opened to signatures at Geneva on May 18, 1977
and entered into force October 5, 1978
The States Parties to this Convention,
Guided by the interest of consolidating peace, and wishing to
contribute to the cause of halting the arms race, and of bringing
about general and complete disarmament under strict and effective
international control, and of saving mankind from the danger of
using new means of warfare,
Determined to continue negotiations with a view to achieving
effective progress towards further measures in the field of
disarmament,
Recognizing that scientific and technical advances may open new
possibilities with respect to modification of the environment,
Recalling the Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the
Human Environment adopted at Stockholm on 16 June 1972,
Realizing that the use of environmental modification techniques for
peaceful purposes could improve the interrelationship of man and
nature and contribute to the preservation and improvement of the
environment for the benefit of present and future generations,
Recognizing, however, that military or any other hostile use of
such techniques could have effects extremely harmful to human welfare,
Desiring to prohibit effectively military or any other hostile use
of environmental modification techniques in order to eliminate the
dangers to mankind from such use, and affirming their willingness
to work towards the achievement of this objective,
Desiring also to contribute to the strengthening of trust among
nations and to the further improvement of the international
situation in accordance with the purposes and principles of the
Charter of the United Nations,
Have agreed as follows:
Article I
1. Each State Party to this Convention undertakes not to engage in
military or any other hostile use of environmental modification
techniques having widespread, long-lasting or severe effects as the
means of destruction, damage or injury to any other State Party.
2. Each State Party to this Convention undertakes not to assist,
encourage or induce any State, group of States or international
organization to engage in activities contrary to the provisions of
paragraph 1 of this article.
Article II
As used in Article I, the term "environmental modification
techniques" refers to any technique for changing -- through the
deliberate manipulation of natural processes -- the dynamics,
composition or structure of the Earth, including its biota,
lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere, or of outer space ...
Activities that could violate ENMOD include:
Triggering earthquakes
Manipulating ozone levels
Alteration of the ionosphere
Deforestation
Provoking flood or drought
Use of herbicides
Setting fires
Seeding clouds
Introduction of invasive species
Eradication of species
Creation of storms
Manipulation of El Niño / La Niña
Destruction of crops
Today, almost a quarter century after ENMOD was negotiated, the
treaty is all but forgotten. Only 70 countries ratified the
agreement. Twenty were required to bring it into force. Parties to
ENMOD have met only twice, in 1982 and 1992. Despite the fact that,
early on, ENMOD was recognized as flawed, no international civil
society group has seriously tried to fix it.
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