-Caveat Lector- > ==================== > Background of the HAARP Project > http://www.earthpulse.com/haarp/background.html > > Prepared by Rosalie Bertell, Ph.D., GNSH > > Military interest in space became intense during and > after World War II because of the introduction of rocket > science, the companion to nuclear technology. The early > versions include the buzz bomb and guided missiles. They > were thought of as potential carriers of both nuclear > and conventional bombs. > > Rocket technology and nuclear weapon technology developed > simultaneously between 1945 and 1963. During this time of > intensive atmospheric nuclear testing, explosions at > various levels above and below the surface of the earth > were attempted. Some of the now familiar descriptions of > the earth's protective atmosphere, such as the existence > of the Van Allen belts, were based on information gained > through stratospheric and ionospheric experimentation. > > The earth's atmosphere consists of the troposphere, from > sea level to about 16 km above the earth's surface; the > stratosphere (which contains the ozone level) which extends > from about the 16 to 48 km above the earth; and the > ionosphere which extends from 48 km to over 50,000 km above > the surface of the earth. > > The earth's protective atmosphere or "skin" extends beyond > 3,200 km above sea level to the large magnetic fields, > called the Van Allen Belts, which can capture the charged > particles sprayed through the cosmos by the solar and > galactic winds. These belts were discovered in 1958 during > the first weeks of the operation of America's first > satellite, Explorer I. They appear to contain charged > particles trapped in the earth's gravity and magnetic > fields. Primary galactic cosmic rays enter the solar > system from interstellar space, and are made up of > protons with energies above 100 MeV, extending up to > astronomically high energies. They make up about 100 > percent of the high energy rays. Solar rays are > generally of lower energy, below 20 MeV (which is > still high energy in earth terms). These high energy > particles are affected by the earth's magnetic field > and by geomagnetic latitude (distance above or below > the geomagnetic equator). The flux density of low > energy protons at the top of the atmosphere is > normally greater at the poles than at the equator. > The density also varies with solar activity, being > at a minimum when solar flares are at a minimum. > > The Van Allen belts capture charged particles (protons, > electrons and alpha particles) and these spiral along > the magnetic force lines toward the polar regions > where the force lines converge. They are reflected > back and forth between the magnetic force lines near > the poles. The lower Van Allen Belt is about 7700 km > above the earth's surface, and the outer Van Allen Belt > is about 51,500 km above the surface. According to the > Encyclopedia Britannica, the Van Allen belts are most > intense along the equator, and effectively absent over > the poles. They dip to 400 km over the South Atlantic > Ocean, and are about 1,000 km high over the Central > Pacific Ocean. In the lower Van Allen Belt, the proton > intensity is about 20,000 particles with energy above > 30 MeV per second per square centimeter. Electrons reach > a maximum energy of 1 MeV, and their intensity has a > maximum of 100 million per second per square centimeter. > In the outer Belt, proton energy averages only 1 MeV. > For compar-ison, most charged particles discharged in a > nuclear explosion range between 0.3 and 3 MeV, while > diagnostic medical X-ray has peak voltage around 0.5 MeV. > > Project Argus (1958) > > Between August and September 1958, the US Navy exploded > three fission type nuclear bombs 480 km above the South > Atlantic Ocean, in the part of the lower Van Allen Belt > closest to the earth's surface. In addition, two > hydrogen bombs were detonated 160 km over Johnston > Island in the Pacific. The military called this "the > biggest scientific experiment ever undertaken." It was > designed by the US Department of Defense and the US > Atomic Energy Commission, under the code name Project > Argus. The purpose appears to be to assess the impact > of high altitude nuclear explosions on radio > transmission and radar operations because of the > electromagnetic pulse (EMP), and to increase > understanding of the geomagnetic field and the behavior > of the charged particles in it. > > This gigantic experiment created new (inner) magnetic > radiation belts encompassing almost the whole earth, > and injected sufficient electrons and other energetic > particles into the ionosphere to cause world wide > effects. The electrons traveled back and forth along > magnetic force lines, causing an artificial "aurora" > when striking the atmosphere near the North Pole. > > The US Military planned to create a "telecommunications > shield" in the ionosphere, reported in 13-20 August > 1961, Keesings Historisch Archief (K.H.A.). This shield > would be created "in the ionosphere at 3,000 km height, > by bringing into orbit 350,000 million copper needles, > each 2-4 cm long [total weight 16 kg], forming a belt > 10 km thick and 40 km wide, the needles spaced about > 100 m apart." This was designed to replace the ionosphere > "because telecommunications are impaired by magnetic > storms and solar flares." The US planned to add to the > number of copper needles if the experiment proved to be > successful. This plan was strongly opposed by the > Intentional Union of Astronomers. > > ===SNIP=== > > Innovative Shuttle Experiments (1985) > > An innovative use of the Space Shuttle to perform space > physics experiments in earth orbit was launched, using > the OMS injections of gases to "cause a sudden depletion > in the local plasma concentration, the creation of a so > called ionospheric hole." This artificially induced plasma > depletion can then be used to investigate other space > phenomena, such as the growth of the plasma instabilities > or the modification of radio propagation paths. The 47 > second OMS burn of July 29, 1985, produced the largest > and most long-lived ionospheric hole to date, dumping > some 830 kg of exhaust into the ionosphere at sunset. > A 6 second, 68 km OMS release above Connecticut in > August 1985, produced an airglow which covered over > 400,000 square km. > > During the 1980's, rocket launches globally numbered about > 500 to 600 a year, peaking at 1500 in 1989. There were many > more during the Gulf War. The Shuttle is the largest of the > solid fuel rockets, with twin 45 meter boosters. All solid > fuel rockets release large amounts of hydrochloric acid in > their exhaust, each Shuttle flight injecting about 75 tons > of ozone destroying chlorine into the stratosphere. Those > launched since 1992 inject even more ozone-destroying > chlorine, about 187 tons, into the stratosphere (which > contains the ozone layer). > > Mighty Oaks (1986) > > In April 1986, just before the Chernobyl disaster, the US > had a failed hydrogen test at the Nevada Test Site called > Mighty Oaks. This test, conducted far underground, > consisted of a hydrogen bomb explosion in one chamber, > with a leaded steel door to the chamber, two meters thick, > closing within milliseconds of the blast. The door was to > allow only the first radioactive beam to escape into the > "control room" in which expensive instrumentation was > located. The radiation was to be captured as a weapon beam. > The door failed to close as quickly as planned, causing the > radioactive gases and debris to fill the control room, > destroying millions of dollars worth of equipment. The > experiment was part of a program to develop X-ray and > particle beam weapons. The radioactive releases from Mighty > Oaks were vented, under a "licensed venting" and were > likely responsible for many of the North American nuclear > fallout reports in May 1986, which were attributed to the > Chernobyl disaster. > > Desert Storm (1991) > > According to Defense News, April 13 - 19, 1992, the US > deployed an electromagnetic pulse weapon (EMP) in Desert > Storm, designed to mimic the flash of electricity from a > nuclear bomb. The Sandia National Laboratory had built a > 23,000 square meter laboratory on the Kirkland Air Force > Base, 1989, to house the Hermes II electron beam generator > capable of producing 20 Trillion Watt pulses lasting 20 > billionths to 25 billionths of a second. This X-ray > simulator is called a Particle Beam Fusion Accelerator. > A stream of electrons hitting a metal plate can produce > a pulsed X-ray or gamma ray. Hermes II had produced > electron beams since 1974. These devises were apparently > tested during the Gulf War, although detailed information > on them is sparse. > > High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program, HAARP (1993) > > The HAARP Program is jointly managed by the US Air Force and > the US Navy, and is based in Gakona, Alaska. It is designed > to "understand, simulate and control ionospheric processes > that might alter the performance of communication and > surveillance systems." The HAARP system intends to beam 3.6 > Gigawatts of effective radiated power of high frequency radio > energy into the ionosphere in order to: > > Generate extremely low frequency (ELF) waves for > communicating with submerged submarines > > Conduct geophysical probes to identify and characterize > natural ionospheric processes so that techniques can be > developed to mitigate or control them > > Generate ionospheric lenses to focus large amounts of high > frequency energy, thus providing a means of triggering > ionospheric processes that potentially could be exploited > for Department of Defense purposes, > > Electron acceleration for infrared (IR) and other optical > emissions which could be used to control radio wave > propagation properties > > Generate geomagnetic field aligned ionization to control > the reflection/scattering properties of radio waves, > > Use oblique heating to produce effects on radio wave > propagation, thus broadening the potential military > applications of ionospheric enhancement technology. > > Poker Flat Rocket Launch (1968 to Present) > > The Poker Flat Research Range is located about 50 km North of > Fairbanks, Alaska, and it was established in 1968. It is > operated by the Geophysical Institute with the University of > Alaska Fairbanks, under NASA contract. About 250 major rocket > launches have taken place from this site, and in 1994, a 16 > meter long rocket was launched to help NASA "understand > chemical reactions in the atmosphere associated with global > climate change." Similar experiments, but using Chemical > Release Modules (CRM), have been launched from Churchill, > Manitoba. In 1980, Brian Whelan's "Project Waterhole" disrupted > an aurora borealis, bringing it to a temporary halt. In February > 1983, the chemical released into the ionosphere caused an aurora > borealis over Churchill. In March 1989, two Black Brant X's and > two Nike Orion rockets were launched over Canada, releasing > barium at high altitudes and creating artificial clouds. These > Churchill artificial clouds were observed from as far away as > Los Alamos, New Mexico. > > The US Navy has also been carrying on High Power Auroral > Stimulation (HIPAS) research in Alaska. Through a series of > wires and a 15 meter antenna, they have beamed high intensity > signals into the upper atmosphere, generating a controlled > disturbance in the ionosphere. As early as 1992, the Navy > talked of creating 10 kilometer long antennas in the sky to > generate extremely low frequency (ELF) waves needed for > communicating with submarines. Another purpose of these > experiments is to study the Aurora Borealis, called by some > an outdoor plasma lab for studying the principles of fusion. > Shuttle flights are now able to generate auroras with an > electron beam. On November 10, 1991, and aurora borealis > appeared in the Texas sky for the first time ever recorded, > and it was seen by people as far away as Ohio and Utah, > Nebraska and Missouri. The sky contained "Christmas colors" > and various scientists were quick to blame it on solar > activity. However, when pressed most would admit that the > ionosphere must have been weakened at the time, so that the > electrically charged particle hitting the earth's atmosphere > created the highly visible light called airglow. These > charged particles are normally pulled northwards by the > earth's magnetic forces, to the magnetic north pole. The > Northern Lights, as the aurora borealis is called, normally > occurs in the vortex at the pole where the energetic particles, > directed by the magnetic force lines, are directed. > > Conclusions > > It would be rash to assume that HAARP is an isolated experiment > which would not be expanded. It is related to fifty years of > intensive and increasingly destructive programs to understand > and control the upper atmosphere. > > It would be rash not to associate HAARP with the space > laboratory construction which is separately being planned by the > United States. HAARP is an integral part of a long history of > space research and development of a deliberate military nature. > > The military implications of combining these projects is alarming. > > Basic to this project is control of communications, both > disruption and reliability in hostile environments. The > power wielded by such control is obvious. > > The ability of the HAARP / Spacelab/ rocket combination to deliver > very large amount of energy, comparable to a nuclear bomb, > anywhere on earth via laser and particle beams, are frightening. > > The project is likely to be "sold" to the public as a space shield > against incoming weapons, or, for the more gullible, a devise for > repairing the ozone layer. > > Further References: > > C.L. Herzenberg, Physics and Society, April 1994. > > R. Williams, Physics and Society, April 1988. > > B. Eastlund, Microwave News, May/June 1994. > > W. Kofinan and C. Lathuillere, Geophysical Research Letters, > Vol 14, No. 11, pp 1158-1161, November 1987 > (Includes French experiments at EISCAT). > > G. Metz and F.W. Perkins. Ionospheric Modification Theory: > Past Present and Future, Radio Science, > Vo1.9, No. 11, pp 885 -888, November 1974. > > Background of the HAARP Project > http://www.earthpulse.com/haarp/background.html > Copyright 1996 - 1999, Earthpulse Press > > All rights reserved. No part of this site may > be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any > means, electronic or mechanical, including > photocopying and recording, or by any information > storage or retrieval system, except as may be > expressly permitted by the Copyright Act or in > writing by the publisher. > ===================== > > Sandia National Laboratories > http://www.sandia.gov/ > > Nikola Tesla > http://www.fbi.gov/foipa/tesla.htm > > Visual Satellite Observer's Home Page (US) > http://www2.satellite.eu.org/sat/vsohp/satintro.html DECLARATION & DISCLAIMER ========== CTRL is a discussion and informational exchange list. Proselyzting propagandic screeds are not allowed. Substance—not soapboxing! 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