-Caveat Lector- >From www.indiamonitor.com > SETTING ASIAN CURRENT AFFAIRS IN A TRUE PERSPECTIVE > Spearheading a crusade against disinformation & institutional > propaganda by reflecting the truth behind news, highlighting > inaccurate and tendentious news coverage. <<Excerpt>> > What exactly happened in 1947 ? > Back To Top > > Jammu & Kashmir in the year 1947 was one of the 560 odd Princely > States, which were not part of the territories under British rule but > owed suzerainty to the British Crown. As per the Indian Independence > Act, with the withdrawal of the British from India, the Rulers of > these States were expected to join one or the other of the two new > Dominions of India and Pakistan through the process of "accession", > and all but 2 or 3 of them had exercised their choice by the dates > decided for the declaration of Independence of both India and > Pakistan. > > The Maharaja who ruled the State of Jammu & Kashmir wanted more time > to take a decision. He signed an agreement with Pakistan, called a > "Stand Still" agreement. This was aimed to see that relations between > the State and the Government of the territories directly ruled earlier > by the British and now transferred to Pakistan may remain as before > till the Maharaja decided on the question of accession. No such > agreement had been signed with India . In the meanwhile he signed > agreements with both Pakistan and India to remain neutral and not be > part of either country. Pakistani raiders and soldiers attacked the > state in 1947 forcing the Maharaja to seek help from India. The > Maharaja asked India to help his people who were being killed and > looted by the Pakistani raiders. But India could not help because till > then Jammu & Kashmir was not part of India. The Maharaja realised this > and offered to make Jammu & Kashmir part of India. The Governor > General of India at that time was the British Lord Mountbatten, who > accepted the Maharaja’s offer of accession. Thus the State of Jammu & > Kashmir became a legal part of India. > > It was only after that the Indian Army was sent to drive out the > Pakistani invaders from the state of Jammu & Kashmir, which had just > become part of India. This happened on 27 October 1947. Indian troops > were flown into the Kashmir Valley and they managed to drive away most > of the Pakistani raiders from the Valley. But a large area of the > state remained under the control of Pakistani soldiers. These areas > were difficult to reach because they were surrounded by tall mountain > ranges. Also, India, which was militarily much stronger than Pakistan, > wanted to put a stop to the fighting and have the area still occupied > by the Pakistani invaders vacated by peaceful means. Thus the fighting > ended and there was a "Cease Fire" on 1st January, 1949 with Pakistan > still occupying a large area of the state. A part of the State, which > the invaders had not been able to occupy, or from which they had been > driven back, remained with India as the State of Jammu and Kashmir. <<End excerpt>> >From www.cyber-north.com/public/mountbatten.com <<"Battenberg" ... do they have 'bergs' in the Jolly 'Ol? WWs 1&2 just family squabbles?>> > MOUNTBATTEN, Louis (1900-79). As a baby, he knocked the spectacles > from the nose of his admiring great-grandmother, Queen Victoria. As an > adult, the English naval official and statesman Louis Mountbatten > sometimes displayed a similar disrespect for authority, but his combat > and diplomatic exploits won him fame and recognition. > > Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas, prince of Battenberg, was born > on June 25, 1900, in Windsor, England. The family name was changed to > Mountbatten in 1917. In 1913 Mountbatten entered the royal Navy and in > 1921 became aide-de-camp to the prince of Wales. In 1922 he married > Edwina Ashley, and the popular couple became known as the "fabulous > Mountbattens." > > In 1932 Mountbatten was promoted to captain. At the outbreak of World > War II he commanded the destroyer Kelly, which was torpedoed several > times, and from 1943 to 1946 he served as supreme allied commander for > Southeast Asia. Although many hailed him as a war hero, opponents > claimed he endangered his men unnecessarily. > > After the war Mountbatten was named viceroy of India (March to August > 1947). He supervised the transfer of government from British to Indian > rule, which made him unpopular in England with those politicians who > saw him as helping to dissolve the British Empire. Mountbatten served > as India's first governor-general until 1948, when he returned to > Britain. He was created viscount in 1946, earl in 1947, fourth sea > lord in 1950, commander in chief of the Mediterranean fleet in 1952, > and first sea lord in 1955. He served as chief of the United Kingdom > defense staff (1956) and chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee > (1959-65). He also was governor (1965) and then lord lieutenant (1974) > of the Isle of Wight. His countrymen reacted with outrage when he was > killed at Donegal Bay, Ireland, on Aug. 27, 1979, by an Irish > Republican Army bomb planted on his fishing boat. >From www.armyinkashmir.org/history.html <<Begin excerpt on "Accession">> > Instrument of Accession of Jammu and Kashmir State > > <Picture: Map of Jammu & Kashmir>On the occasion of completion of 51 > years since the Instrument of Accession was signed by Maharaja Hari > Singh, then ruler of the state of Jammu & Kashmir, and on popular > demand by the viewers of our website we are putting up the salient > aspects of the document, as it was accepted by the then > Governor-General of India, Lord Mountbatten on 26 October 1947. The > following is the text of the actual Instrument of Accession :- > > Whereas, the Indian Independence Act, 1947, provided that as from the > fifteenth day of August 1947, there shall be set up an independent > dominion known as INDIA, and that the Government of India Act, 1935, > shall, with such omissions, additions, adaptations and modifications > as the Governor-General may by order specify, be applicable to the > dominion of India. > > And whereas the Government of India Act, 1935, as so adapted by the > Governor-General provides that an Indian State may accede to the > Dominion of India by an Instrument of Accession executed by the Ruler > thereof. > > Now, therefore, I Shriman Indar Mahandar Rajrajeshwar Maharajadhiraj > Shri Hari Singhji, Jammu Kashmir Naresh Tatha Tibbet adi > Deshadhipathi, Ruler of Jammu and Kashmir State, in the exercise of my > sovereignty in and over my said State do hereby execute this my > Instrument of Accession and I hereby declare that I accede to the > Dominion of India with the intent that the Governor-General of India, > the Dominion Legislature, the Federal Court and any other Dominion > authority established for the purposes of the Dominion shall, by > virtue of this my Instrument of Accession but subject always to the > terms thereof, and for the purposes only of the Dominion, exercise in > relation to the State of J&K (hereinafter referred to as `this State') > such functions as may be vested in them by or under the Government of > India Act, 1935, as in force in the Dominion of India, on the 15th > day of August 1947 (which Act as so in force in hereafter referred to > as "the Act"). > > I hereby assume the obligation of ensuring that due effect is given to > the provisions of the Act within this State so far as they are > applicable therein by virtue of this my Instrument of Accession. > > I accept the matters specified in the Schedule hereto as the matters > with respect to which the Dominion Legislature may make laws for this > State. > > I hereby declare that I accede to the Dominion of India on the > assurance that if an agreement is made between the Governor-General > and the Ruler of this State whereby any functions in relation to the > administration in this State of any law of the Dominion Legislature > shall be exercised by the Ruler of this State, then any such agreement > shall be deemed to form part of this Instrument and shall be construed > and have effect accordingly. > > The terms of this my Instrument of Accession shall not be varied by > any amendment of the Act or of the Indian Independence Act, 1947, > unless such amendment of the Act or of the Indian Independence Act > 1947, unless such amendment is accepted by me by an Instrument > supplementary to this Instrument. > > Nothing in this Instrument shall empower the Dominion Legislature to > make any law for this State authorizing the compulsory acquisition of > land for any purpose, but I hereby undertake that should the Dominion > for the purposes of a Dominion law which applies in this State deem it > necessary to acquire any land, I will at their request acquire the > land at their expense or if the land belongs to me transfer it to them > on such terms as may be agreed, or, in default of agreement, > determined by an arbitrator to be appointed by the Chief Justice of > India. > > Nothing in this Instrument shall be deemed to commit me in any way to > acceptance of any future constitution of India or to fetter my > discretion to enter into arrangements with the Government of India > under any such future constitution. > > Nothing in this Instrument affects the continuance of my sovereignty > in and over this state, or, save as provided by or under this > Instrument, the exercise of any powers, authority and rights now > enjoyed by me as Ruler of this State or the validity of any law at > present in force in this State. > > I hereby declare that I execute this Instrument on behalf of this > State and that any reference in this Instrument to me or to the Ruler > of the State is to be construed as including a reference to my heirs > and successors. > > Given under my hand this 26th day of October, Nineteen Hundred and > Forty Seven. > > Acceptance of Instrument of Accession of Jammu and Kashmir State by > the Governor General of India > > I do hereby accept this Instrument of Accession. > > Dated this Twenty-Seventh day of October Nineteen Hundred and > Forty-Seven. > > (Sd).Lord Mountbatten > Governor General of India <<End excerpt>> <<And, so, In addition to the mess above, some may recall the one that follows below ...>> From http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bd0027) > Bangladesh > > The War for Bangladeshi Independence, 1971 > > On March 25, the Pakistan Army launched a terror campaign calculated > to intimidate the Bengalis into submission. Within hours a wholesale > slaughter had commenced in Dhaka, with the heaviest attacks > concentrated on the University of Dhaka and the Hindu area of the old > town. Bangladeshis remember the date as a day of infamy and > liberation. The Pakistan Army came with hit lists and systematically > killed several hundred Bengalis. Mujib was captured and flown to West > Pakistan for incarceration. > > To conceal what they were doing, the Pakistan Army corralled the corps > of foreign journalists at the International Hotel in Dhaka, seized > their notes, and expelled them the next day. One reporter who escaped > the censor net estimated that three battalions of troops--one armored, > one artillery, and one infantry--had attacked the virtually > defenseless city. Various informants, including missionaries and > foreign journalists who clandestinely returned to East Pakistan during > the war, estimated that by March 28 the loss of life reached 15,000. > By the end of summer as many as 300,000 people were thought to have > lost their lives. Anthony Mascarenhas in Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood > estimates that during the entire nine-month liberation struggle more > than 1 million Bengalis may have died at the hands of the Pakistan > Army. > > The West Pakistani press waged a vigorous but ultimately futile > campaign to counteract newspaper and radio accounts of wholesale > atrocities. One paper, the Morning News, even editorialized that the > armed forces were saving East Pakistanis from eventual Hindu > enslavement. The civil war was played down by the > government-controlled press as a minor insurrection quickly being > brought under control. > > After the tragic events of March, India became vocal in its > condemnation of Pakistan. An immense flood of East Pakistani refugees, > between 8 and 10 million according to various estimates, fled across > the border into the Indian state of West Bengal. In April an Indian > parliamentary resolution demanded that Prime Minister Indira Gandhi > supply aid to the rebels in East Pakistan. She complied but declined > to recognize the provisional government of independent Bangladesh. > > A propaganda war between Pakistan and India ensued in which Yahya > threatened war against India if that country made an attempt to seize > any part of Pakistan. Yahya also asserted that Pakistan could count on > its American and Chinese friends. At the same time, Pakistan tried to > ease the situation in the East Wing. Belatedly, it replaced Tikka, > whose military tactics had caused such havoc and human loss of life, > with the more restrained Lieutenant General A.A.K. Niazi. A moderate > Bengali, Abdul Malik, was installed as the civilian governor of East > Pakistan. These belated gestures of appeasement did not yield results > or change world opinion. > > On December 4, 1971, the Indian Army, far superior in numbers and > equipment to that of Pakistan, executed a 3-pronged pincer movement on > Dhaka launched from the Indian states of West Bengal, Assam, and > Tripura, taking only 12 days to defeat the 90,000 Pakistani defenders. > The Pakistan Army was weakened by having to operate so far away from > its source of supply. The Indian Army, on the other hand, was aided by > East Pakistan's Mukti Bahini (Liberation Force), the freedom fighters > who managed to keep the Pakistan Army at bay in many areas (see The > Liberation War , ch. 5). > > Data as of September 1988 A<>E<>R ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The only real voyage of discovery consists not in seeking new landscapes but in having new eyes. -Marcel Proust + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A merely fallen enemy may rise again, but the reconciled one is truly vanquished. -Johann Christoph Schiller, German Writer (1759-1805) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + It is preoccupation with possessions, more than anything else, that prevents us from living freely and nobly. -Bertrand Russell + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + "Everyone has the right...to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers." Universal Declaration of Human Rights + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Forwarded as information only; no endorsement to be presumed + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. section 107, this material is distributed without charge or profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving this type of information for non-profit research and educational purposes only. DECLARATION & DISCLAIMER ========== CTRL is a discussion and informational exchange list. Proselyzting propagandic screeds are not allowed. Substance—not soapboxing! These are sordid matters and 'conspiracy theory', with its many half-truths, misdirections and outright frauds is used politically by different groups with major and minor effects spread throughout the spectrum of time and thought. That being said, CTRL gives no endorsement to the validity of posts, and always suggests to readers; be wary of what you read. 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