-Caveat Lector- <A HREF="http://www.ctrl.org/"> </A> -Cui Bono?- Commuter's EMF exposure ? Almost all tires contain 'steel-belts', these days. The smaller the car, the closer you sit to a tire. In busses and vans, passengers and the driver sit almost on top of tires.... Whenever the vehicle is in motion, the steel belts are pumping out "alternating magnetic fields of extremely low frequency (ELF)." No problem ? --Bill http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/65500812/START Magnetic fields from steel-belted radial tires: Implications for epidemiologic studies ------------------------------------------------------------------- Samuel Milham, James B. Hatfield, Richard Tell. Correspondence to: Samuel Milham, 2318 Gravelly Beach Loop NW, Olympia, WA 98502-8837. email: Samuel Milham ([EMAIL PROTECTED]) Bioelectromagnetics, Volume 20, Issue 7, 1999. Pages: 440-445 Copyright © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Keywords --- steel-belted radial tires; tire-generated alternating magnetic fields; magnetic field exposure assessment; degaussing; automobile tires Abstract Magnetic fields emanate from radial tires due to the presence of reinforcing belts which are made of magnetized steel wire. When these tires spin, they generate alternating magnetic fields of extremely low frequency (ELF), usually below 20 Hz. The fundamental frequency of these fields is determined by tire rotation rate and has a sinusoidal waveform with a high harmonic content. The static field of radial tires can exceed 500 micro-T at the tread, and the tire-generated alternating fields can exceed 2.0 micro-T at seat level in the passenger compartment of vehicles. Degaussing the tires reduces both the static and alternating fields to low levels, but the fields increase gradually over time after degaussing. The tire-generated fields are below the frequencies detected by most of the magnetic field meters used in previous studies of power frequency magnetic field health effects. If these fields are biologically active, failure to detect them could compromise exposure assessments associated with epidemiologic studies. Bioelectromagnetics 20:440-445, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Received: 14 August 1998; Revised: 19 January 1999 References Friedman H, Becker RO, Bachman CH. 1967. Effect of magnetic fields on reaction time performance. Nature 213: 949-950. Jacobs WL, Dietrich FM, Feero WE, Brecher A. 1998. Assessment of magnetic fields produced by spinning steel belted radial tires. Poster presented at the EPRI/DOE Annual Review of Research on Biological Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields from the Generation, Delivery and use of Electricity, Tuscon, AZ 1998. Linet MS, Hatch EE, Kleinerman RA, Robison LL, Kaune WT, Friedman DR, Severson RK, Haines CM, Hartsock CT, Niwa S, Wacholder S, Tarone RE. 1997. Residential exposure to magnetic fields and acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children. N Engl J Med 337: 1-7. London SJ, Thomas DC, Bowman JD, Sobel E, Cheng TC, Peters JM. 1991. Exposure to residential electric and magnetic fields and risk of childhood leukemia. Am J Epidemiol 134: 923-936. Sahl JD, Kelsh MA, Greenland S. 1993. Cohort and nested case-control studies of hematopoietic cancers and brain cancer among electric utility workers. Epidemiology 4: 104-114. Savitz DA, Loomis DP. 1995. Magnetic field exposure in relation to leukemia and brain cancer mortality among electric utility workers. Am J Epidemiol 141: 123-134. Theriault G, Goldberg M, Miller AB, Armstrong B, Guenel P, Deadman J, Imberon E, To T, Chevalier A, Cyr D, Wall C. 1994. Cancer risks associated with occupational exposure to magnetic fields among electric utility workers in Ontario and Quebec, Canada, and France: 1970-1989. Am J Epidemiol 139: 550-572. Vedholm K, Hamnerius YK. 1997. Personal exposure from low frequency electromagnetic fields in automobiles. Abstract No. F-9; Presented at World Congress for Electricity and Magnetism in Biology and Medicine, June, Bologna, Italy. Wartenburg D, Savitz DA. 1993. Evaluating exposure cutpoint bias in epidemiological studies of electric and magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 14: 237-245. ------------------------------------------------------------------- Copyright © 1999-2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. . <A HREF="http://www.ctrl.org/">www.ctrl.org</A> DECLARATION & DISCLAIMER ========== CTRL is a discussion & informational exchange list. Proselytizing propagandic screeds are not allowed. Substance—not soap-boxing! 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