-Caveat Lector-

 VENICE'S WAR AGAINST WESTERN CIVILIZATION
 by Webster G. Tarpley
 Appeared in Fidelio, Summer 1995
 http://www.radix.net/~tarpley/venwar.htm


 The British Royal family of today typifies the Venetian Party, and
 continues the outlook and methods of an oligarchical faction which
 can be traced far back into the ancient world.  Oligarchism is a
 principle of irrational domination associated with hereditary
 oligarchy/NOBILITY and with certain aristocratic priesthoods.  At
 the center of oligarchy is the idea that certain families are born
 to rule as an arbitrary elite, while the vast majority of any given
 population is condemned to oppression, serfdom, or slavery.  During
 most of the past 2500 years, oligarchs have been identified by
 their support for the philosophical writings of Aristotle and their
 rejection of the epistelogy of Plato.  Aristotle asserted that
 slavery is a necessary institution, since some are born to rule and
 others to be ruled.  He also reduced the question of human
 knowledge to the crudest sense certainty and perception of "facts."
 Aristotle's formalism is a means of killing human creativity, and
 therefore represents absolute evil.  This evil is expressed by the
 bestialist view OF THE OLIGARCHS that human beings are the same as
 animals.

 Oligarchs identify wealth purely in money, and practice usury,
 monetarism, and looting at the expense of technological advancement
 and real production.  Oligarchs have always been associated with
 the arbitrary rejection of true scientific discovery and scientific
 method in favor of open anti-science or more subtle obscurantist
 pseudo-science.  The oligarchy has believed for millenia that the
 earth is overpopulated; the oligarchical commentary on the Trojan
 war WAS that this conflict was necessary in order to prevent
 greater numbers of mankind from oppressing Mother Earth.  The
 oligarchy has constantly stressed race and racial characteristics,
 often as a means for justifying slavery.  In international affairs,
 oligarchs recommend such methods as geopolitics, understood as the
 method of divide and conquer which lets one power prevail by
 playing its adversaries one against the other.  Oligarchical policy
 strives to maintain a balance of power among such adversaries for
 its own benefit, but this attempt always fails in the long run and
 leads to new wars.

 The essence of oligarchism is summed up in the idea of the empire,
 in which an elite identifying itself as a master race rules over
 a degraded mass of slaves or other oppressed victims.  If
 oligarchical methods are allowed to dominate human affairs, they
 always create a breakdown crisis of civilization, with economic
 depression, war, famine, plague, and pestilence.  Examples of this
 are the fourteenth century Black Plague crisis and the Thirty
 Years's War (1618-1648), both of which were created by Venetian
 intelligence.  The post-industrial society and the derivatives
 crisis have brought about the potential for a new collapse of
 civilization in our own time.  This crisis can only be reversed by
 repudiating in practice the axioms of the oligarchical mentality.

     ------------------------------------------------------

     CHART I:  CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF OLIGARCHY

          ARISTOTLE, SENSE OBJECTS NOT THOUGHT OBJECTS

          BESTIALISM: HUMANITY AS BEASTS

          "MASTER RACE" ELITE OF ARISTOCRATIC FAMILIES

          ELITE IMPOSES SERFDOM/SLAVERY ON MASS

          "MULTICULTURAL" RACISM

          GEOPOLITICS, DIVIDE AND CONQUER, BALANCE OF POWER

          USURY/MONETARISM

          HATRED OF SCIENCE AND PROGRESS

          MYTH OF OVERPOPULATION

          COLONIAL EMPIRE

          EVIL

     ---------------------------------------------------------

 A pillar of the oligarchical system is the family fortune or fondo,
 as it is called in Italian.  The continuity of the family fortune
 which earns money through usury and looting is often more important
 than the biological continuity across generations of the family
 that owns the fortune.  In Venice, the largest fondo was the
 endowment of the Basilica of St. Mark, which was closely associated
 with the Venetian state treasury, and which absorbed the family
 fortunes of nobles who died without heirs.  This fondo was
 administered by the procuratori di San Marco (procurers of St.
 Mark), whose position was one of the most powerful under the
 Venetian system.  Around this central fondo were grouped the
 individual family fortunes of the great oligarchical families, such
 as the Mocenigo, the Cornaro, the Dandolo, the Contarini, the
 Morosini, the Zorzi, and the Tron.  Until the end of the 18th
 century, the dozen or so wealthiest Venetian families had holdings
 comparable or superior to the very wealthiest families anywhere in
 Europe.  When the Venetian oligarchy transferred many of its
 families and assets to northern Europe, the Venetian fondi provided
 the nucleus of the great Bank of Amsterdam, which dominated Europe
 during the seventeenth century, and of the Bank of England, which
 became the leading bank of the eighteenth century.

 In the pre-Christian world around the Mediterranean, oligarchical
 political forces included Babylon in Mesopotamia.  The "whore of
 Babylon" condemned in the Apocalypse of St. John the Divine is not
 a mystical construct, but a very specific power cartel of evil
 oligarchical families.  Other oligarchial centers included Hiram
 of Tyre and the Phoenecians.  The Persian Empire was an oligarchy.
 In the Greek world, the center of oligarchical banking and
 intelligence was the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, whose agents
 included Lycurgus of Sparta and later Aristotle.  The Delphic
 Apollo tried and failed to secure the conquest of Greece by the
 Persian Empire.  Then the Delphic Apollo developed the Isocrates
 plan, which called for King Philip of Macedonia to conquer Athens
 and the other Great city-states so as to set up an oligarchical
 empire that would operate as a western version of the Persian
 Empire.  This plan failed when Philip died, and the Platonic
 Academy of Athens decisively influenced Alxander the Great, who
 finally destroyed the Persian Empire before being assassinated by
 Aristotle.  Later the Delphic Apollo intervened into the wars
 between Rome and the Etruscan cities to make Rome the key power of
 Italy and then of the entire Mediterranean.

 Rome dominated the Mediterranean by about 200 BC.  There followed
 a series of civil wars that aimed at deciding where the capital of
 the new empire would be and who would be the ruling family.  These
 are associated with the Social War, the conflict between Marius and
 Sulla, the first Triumvirate (Julius Caesar, Pompey the Great, and
 L. Crassus) and the second Triumvirate (Octavian, Marc Antony, and
 Lepidus).  Marc Antony and Cleopatra wanted the capital of the new
 empire to be at Alexandria in Egypt.  Octavian (Augustus) secured
 an alliance with the cult of Sol Invictus Mithra and became
 emperor, defeating the other contenders.  After the series of
 monsters called the Julian-Claudian emperors (Tiberius, Caligula,
 Nero, etc.) the empire stagnated between 80 and 180 AD under such
 figures as Hadrian and Trajan.  Then, between 180 AD and 280 AD,
 the empire collapsed.  It was reorganized by Aurelian, Diolcetian,
 and Constantine with a series of measures that centered on the
 banning of any change in the technology of the means of production,
 and very heavy taxation.  The Diocletian program led to the
 DEPOPULATION of the cities, serfdom for farmers, and the collapse
 of civilization into a prolonged Dark Age.

 The Roman Empire in the west finally collapsed in 476 AD.  But the
 Roman Empire in the east, sometimes called the Byzantine Empire,
 continued for almost a thousand years, until 1453.  And if the
 Ottoman Empire is considered as the Ottoman dynasty of an ongoing
 Byzantine Empire, then the Byzantine Empire kept going until
 shortly after World War I.  With certain exceptions, the ruling
 dynasties of Byzantium continued the oligarchical policy of
 Diolcetian and Constantine.

 Venice, the city built on islands in the lagoons and marshes of the
 northern Adriatic Sea, is supposed to have been founded by refugees
 from the Italian mainland who were fleeing from Attila the Hun in
 452 AD.  Early on Venice became the location of a Benedictine
 monastery on the island of St. George Major.  St. George is not a
 Christian saint, but rather a disguise for Apollo, Perseus, and
 Marduk, idols of the oligarchy.  Around 700 AD the Venetians claim
 to have elected their first doge of duke.  This post was not
 hereditary, but was controlled by an election in which only the
 nobility could take part.  For this reason, Venice erroneously
 called herself a republic.

 In the years around 800 AD, Charlemagne King of the Franks, using
 the ideas of St. Augustine, attempted to revive civilization from
 the Dark Ages.  Venice was the enemy of Charlemagne.  Charlemagne's
 son, King Pepin of Italy, tried unsuccessfully to conquer the
 Venetian lagoon.  Charlemagne was forced to recognize Venice as a
 part of the eastern or Byzantine Empire, under the protection of
 the Emperor Nicephorus.  Venice was never a part of western
 civilization.

 Over the next four centuries, Venice developed as a second capital
 of the Byzantine Empire through marriage alliances with certain
 Byzantine dynasties and conflicts with the Holy Roman Empire based
 in Germany.  The Venetian economy grew through usury and slavery.
 By 1082 the Venetians had tax-free trading rights in the entire
 Byznatine Empire.  The Venetians were one of the main factors
 behind the Crusades against the Moslem power in the eastern
 Mediterranean.  In the Fourth Crusade of 1202 AD, the Venetians
 used an army of French feudal knights to capture and loot
 Constantinople, the Orthodox Chrsitian city which was the capital
 of the Byzantine Empire.  The Venetian doge Enrico Dandolo was
 declared the lord of one quarter and one half of one quarter of the
 Byznatine Empire, and the Venetians imposed a short-lived puppet
 state called the Latin Empire.  By this point, Venice had replaced
 Byzantium as the bearer of the oligarchical heritage of the Roman
 Empire.

 During the 1200's, the Venetians, now at the apex of their military
 and naval power, set out to create a new Roman Empire with its
 center at Venice.  They expanded into the Greek islands, the Black
 Sea, and the Italian mainland.  They helped to defeat the
 Hohenstaufen rulers of Germany and Italy.  Venetian intelligence
 assisted Ghengis Khan as he attacked and wiped out powers that had
 resisted Venice.  The Venetians caused the death of the poet and
 political figure Dante Alighieri, who developed the concept of the
 modern sovereign nation state in opposition to the Venetian plans
 for empire.  A series of wars with Genoa led later to the de facto
 merger of Venice and Genoa.  The Venetian bankers, often called
 Lombards, began to loot many parts of Europe with usurious loans.
 Henry III of England in the years after 1255 became insolvent after
 taking huge Lombard loans to finance foreign wars at 120% to 180%
 interest.  These transactions created the basis for the Venetian
 Party in England.  When the Lombard bankers went bankrupt as the
 English failed to pay, a breakdown crisis of the European economy
 ensued.  This led to a new collapse of European civilization,
 including the onset of the Black Plague, which depopulated the
 continent.  In the midst of the chaos, the Venetians encouraged
 their ally Edward III of England to wage war against France in the
 conflict that became the Hundred Years' War (1339-1453) which
 hurled France into chaos before St. Joan of Arc defeated the
 English.  This was then followed by the Wars of the Roses in
 England.  As a result of Venetian domination, the fourteenth
 century had become a catastrophe for civilization.

     ----------------------------------------------------------

     CHART II:  ORIGINS OF VENETIAN PARTY IN ANCIENT WORLD

          BABYLON AND THE WHORE OF BABYLON

          HIRAM OF TYRE; PHOENETIANS

          PERSIAN EMPIRE

          TEMPLE OF APOLLO AT DELPHI

          ISOCRATES PLAN: PHILIP OF MACEDONIA

          ROMAN EMPIRE; REFORMS OF AURELIAN/DIOCLETIAN/CONSTANTINE

          BYZANTINE EMPIRE

     --------------------------------------------------------

 In the midst of the crisis of the 1300's, the friends of Dante and
 Petrarca laid the basis for the Italian Golden Renaissance, which
 reached its culmination with Nicholas Cusanus, Pope Pius II, and
 the Medici-sponsored Council of Florence of 1439.  The Venetians
 fought the Renaissance with a policy of expansion on the Italian
 mainland or terraferma which brought them to the outskirts of
 Milan.  More fundamentally, the Venetians promoted the pagan
 philosophy of Aristotle against the Christian Platonism of the
 Florentines.  The school of the Rialto was an Aristotelian academy
 where Venetian patricians lectured and studied their favorite
 philosopher.  Authors like Barbaro and Bembo popularized an
 Aristotelian "humanism."  The University of Padua became the great
 European center for Aristotelian studies.

 Venice also encouraged the Ottoman Turks to advance against
 Constantinople, which was now controlled by the Paleologue dynasty
 of emperors.  When Cusanus and his friends succeeded in re-uniting
 the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox and other eastern
 churches at the Council of Florence, the Venetians tried to
 sabotage this result.  The ultimate sabotage was the Ottoman
 conquest of Constantinople in 1453, which was assisted by Venetyian
 agents and provocateurs.  Venice refused to respond to Pope Pius II
 (Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini) when he called for the recovery of
 Constantinople.

 The program of Cusanus, Pius II, Machiavelli, Leonardo da Vinci and
 other Italian Renaissance leaders for the creation of powerful
 national states proved impossible to carry out in Italy.  The first
 nation state was created in France by King Louis XI during the
 1460's and 1470's.  The successful nation building methods of Louis
 XI compelled attention and imitation in England and Spain.  Despite
 their incessant intrigues, the Venetians were now confronted with
 large national states whose military power greatly exceeded
 anything that venice could mobilize.


 THE CRISIS OF THE WAR OF THE LEAGUE OF CAMBRAI, 1508-1529

 The Venetians tried to use the power of the new nation states,
 especially France, to crush Milan and allow further Venetian
 expansion.  But ambassadors for the King of France and the Austrian
 Emperor met at Cambrai in December 1508 and agreed to create a
 European league for the dismemberment of Venice.  The League of
 Cambrai soon included France, Spain, Germany, the Papacy, Milan,
 Florence, Savoy, Mantua, Ferrara, and others.  At the battle of
 Agnadello in April 1509, the Venetian mercenaries were defeated by
 the French and Venice temporarily lost 800 years of land conquests.

 Venetian diplomacy played on the greed of the Genoese Pope Julius
 II Della Rovere, who was bribed to break up the League of Cambrai.
 By rapid diplomatic maneuvers, Venice managed to survive, although
 foreign armies threatened to overrun the lagoons on several
 occasions, and the city was nearly bankrupt.  But Venice's
 long-term outlook was very grim, especially because the Portuguese
 had opened a route to Asia around the Cape of Good Hope.  The
 Venetians considered building a Suez canal, but decided against it.

 One result of the Cambrai crisis was the decision of Venetian
 intelligence to create the Protestant reformation.  The goal was to
 divide Europe for one to two centuries in religious wars that would
 prevent any combination like the League of Cambrai from ever again
 being assembled against Venice.  The leading figure of the
 Protestant reformation, the first Protestant in modern Europe, was
 Gasparo Contarini.  Contarini was a pupil of the Padua Aristotelian
 Pietro Pomponazzi, who denied the immortality of the human soul.
 Contarini pionerred the Protestant doctrine of salvation by faith
 alone, with no regard for good works of charity.  Contarini
 organized a group of Italian Protestants called gli spirituali,
 including oligarchs like Vittoria Colonna and Giulia Gonzaga.
 Contarini's networks encouraged and protected Martin Luther and
 later John Calvin of Geneva.  Contarini sent his neighbor and
 relative Francesco Zorzi to England to support King Henry VIII's
 plan to divorce Catharine of Aragon.  Zorzi acted as Henry's sex
 counselor.  As a result, Henry created the Anglican church on a
 Venetian-Byzantine model, and opened a phase of hostility to Spain.
 Henceforth the Venetians would use England for attacks on Spain and
 France.  Zorzi created a Roscrucian-freemasonic party at the
 English court that later produced writers like Edmund Spenser and
 Sir Philip Sydney.

 Contarini was also the leader of the Catholic Counter-Reformation.
 He sponsored St. Ignatius of Loyola and secured papal approval for
 the creation of the Society of Jesus as an official order of the
 church.  Contarini also began the process of organizing the Council
 of Trent with a letter on church reform that praised Aristotle
 while condemning Erasmus, the leading Platonist of the day.  The
 Venetians dominated the college of cardinals and created the Index
 Librorum Prohibitorum, which banned works by Dante and Aeneas
 Silvius Piccolomini (Pope Pius II).

 As the counterreformation advanced, the Contarini networks split
 into two wings.  One was the pro-Protestant spirituali, who later
 evolved into the party of the Venetian oligarchy called the
 giovani, and who serviced growing networks in France, Holland,
 England, and Scotland.  On the other wing were the zelanti,
 oriented towards repression and the Inquisition, and typified by
 Pope Paul IV Caraffa.  The zelanti evolved into the oligarchical
 party called the vecchi, who serviced Venetian networks in the
 Vatican and the Hapsburg dominions.  The apparent conflict of the
 two groups was orchestrated to serve Venetian projects.

     --------------------------------------------------------

     CHART III:  INTELLIGENCE ASSETS OF POMPONAZZI,
                 CONTARINI, ZORZI 1510-1560

          GLI SPIRITUALI - VITTORIA COLONNA

          SPALATIN, PRIME MINISTER OF FREDERICK THE WISE
          OF SAXONY (LUTHER'S PROTECTOR)

          MARTIN LUTHER

          KING HENRY VIII OF ENGLAND

          JEAN CALVIN OF GENEVA

          CECIL FAMILY, THOMAS CROMWELL, CROMWELL FAMILY

          EDMUND SPENSER

          SIR PHILIP SYDNEY

          ST. IGNATIUS OF LOYOLA

          JESUIT ORDER

          COUNCIL OF TRENT

          INDEX OF PROHIBITED BOOKS

     --------------------------------------------------------

 During the decades after 1570, the salon of the Morosini family
 (Ridotto Morosini) was the focus of heirs of the pro-Protestant
 wing of the Contarini spirituali networks.  These were the Giovani,
 whose networks were strongest in the Atlantic powers of France,
 England, Holland, and Scotland.  The central figure here was the
 Servite monk Paolo Sarpi, assisted by his deputy, Fulgenzio
 Micanzio.  Sarpi was the main Venetian propagandist in the struggle
 against the Papacy during the time of the papal interdict against
 Venice in 1606.  Sarpi and Micanzio were in close touch with the
 Stuart court in London, and especially with Sir Francis Bacon and
 Thomas Hobbes, who got their ideas from Sarpi's Pensieri and Arte
 di Ben Pensare.  Sarpi's agents in Prague, Heidelberg, and Vienna
 deliberately organized the Thirty Years' War, which killed half the
 population of Germany and one third of the population of Europe.

 Sarpi also marks a turning point in the methods used by Venetian
 intelligence to combat science.  Under Zorzi and Contarini, the
 Venetians had been openly hostile to Cusanus and other leading
 scientists.  Sarpi realized that the Venetians must now present
 themselves as the great champions of science, but on the basis of
 Aristotelian formalism and sense certainty.  By seizing control of
 the scientific community from the inside, the Venetians could
 corrupt scientific method and strangle the process of discovery.
 Sarpi sponsored and directed the career of Galileo Galilei, whom
 the Venetians used for an empiricist counterattack against the
 Platonic method of Johannes Kepler.

     -----------------------------------------------------

     CHART IV:  ASSETS OF RIDOTTO MOROSINI, GIOVANI PARTY,
                AND PAOLO SARPI, 1590-1650

          GALILEO GALILEI

          SIR FRANCIS BACON

          THOMAS HOBBES

          RENE DESCARTES

          JOHN MILTON

          JOHN LOCKE

          CHRISTIAN VON ANHALT,

          CHRISTOPH VON DONHA,

          FREDERICK OF THE PALATINATE,

          MAX VON THURN UND TAXIS (DEFENESTRATION OF PRAGUE,
          WINTER KING, AND THIRTY YEARS' WAR)

     --------------------------------------------------------

 During the 1600's, the Venetian fondi were transferred north, often
 to the Bank of Amsterdam, and later to the newly-founded Bank of
 England.  During the reign of Blood Mary, the Stuart period, the
 civil war in England, the dictatorship of Cromwell, the Stuart
 restoration, and the 1688 installation of William of Orange as King
 of England by the pro-Venetian English oligarchy, the Venetian
 party of England grew in power.

 During the first half of the 1700's, the most important activities
 of Venetian intelligence were directed by a salon called the
 conversazione filosofica e felice which centered around the figure
 of Antonio Schinella Conti.  Conti was a Venetian nobleman,
 originally a follower of Descartes who lived for a time in Paris,
 where he was close to Malebranche.  Conti went to London where he
 became a friend of Sir Isaac Newton.  Conti directed the operations
 that made Newton an international celebrity, including especially
 the creation of a pro-Newton party of French Anglophiles and
 Anglomaniacs who came to become known as the French Enlightenment.
 Conti's agents in this effort included Montesquieu and Voltaire.
 Conti was also active in intrigues against the German philosopher,
 scientist, and economist Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, whom Conti
 portrayed as a plagiarist of Newton.  Conti also influenced Georg
 Ludwig of Hanover, the later King George I of England, against
 Leibniz.

 The Conti conversazione was also sponsored by the Emo and Memmo
 oligarchical families.  Participants included Giammaria Ortes,
 the Venetian economist who asserted that the carrying capacity
 of the planet earth could never exceed 3 billion persons.  Ortes
 was a student of the pro-Galileo activist Guido Grandi of Pisa.
 Ortes applied Newton's method to the so-called social sciences.
 Ortes denied the possibility of progress or higher standards of
 living, supported free trade, opposed dirigist economics, and
 polemicized against the ideas of the American Revolution.  The
 ideas of Conti, Ortes, and their network were brought into Great
 Britain under the supervision of William Petty, the Earl of
 Shelburne, who was the de facto Doge of the British oligarchy
 around the time of the American Revolution.  The Shelburnbe stable
 of writers, including Adam Smith, Jeremy Bentham, Thomas Malthus,
 James Mill, John Stuart Mill, Charles Darwin, and other exponents
 of British philosophical radicalism all take their main ideas from
 Conti and especially Giammaria Ortes.

 Francesco Algarotti, author of a treatise on Newtonian science for
 ladies, was another Venetian in the orbit of the Conti
 conversazione.  Algarotti was close to Voltaire, and along with the
 French scientist Pierre Louis de Maupertius they helped form the
 homosexual harem around British ally Frederick the Great of
 Prussia.  Frederick the Great was Britain's principal continental
 ally during the Seven Years' War against France, when British
 victories in India and Canada made Britain the supreme naval power
 of the world.  The homosexual Frederick made Algarotti his court
 chamberlain at his palace of Sans Souci.  Maupertuis had become
 famous when he went to Lapland to measure a degree of the local
 meridian, and came back claiming that he had confirmed one of
 Newton's postulates.  Frederick made Maupertuis the President of
 the Berlin Academy of Sciences.  Frederick corresponded with
 Voltaire all his life; Voltaire lived in Sans Souci and Berlin
 between 1750 and 1753.  Voltaire quarreled with Maupertuis and
 attacked him in his "Diatribe du Docteur Akakia."  The
 mathematicians Leonhard Euler of Switzerland and Joseph Louis
 Lagrange of Turin were also associated with Frederick's cabal.

 The Conti salon directed the activities of Venetian intelligence
 agent Giacomo Casanova, a protege of the homosexual Senator
 Bragadin.  Casanova was employed primarily in operations against
 King Louis XV of France.  During the War of the Spanish Succession,
 the Venetians had helped the British to emerge as a great power at
 the expense of Holland and Spain.  In the War of the Austrian
 Succession and the Seven Years' War, the Venetians helped the
 British to defeat the French as a world-wide naval power, ousting
 them from India and Canada.  Later the Venetian agent Alessandro
 Cagliostro would destabilize Louis XVI with the Queen's necklace
 affair of 1785, which according to Napoleon Bonaparte represented
 the opening of the French Revolution.

 Venice ceased to exist as an independent state after its conquest
 by Napoleon in 1797 and the Austrian takeover of the lagoon under
 the Treaty of Campo Formio.  But the influence of the Venetian
 oligarchy over culture and politics has remained immense.  From
 1945 to about 1968, one of the most important of these influences
 was the Societe Europeenne de Culture, based in Venice and directed
 by Umberto Campagnolo.  The SEC operated freely in eastern and
 western Europe and agitated against the nation state in the name of
 supernational values.  The SEC launched the career of Franz Fanon,
 author of the Wretched of the Earth, whose ideas form a
 justification for terrorism.  The premier foundation of the world
 is the Cini Foundation, which provides ideological directives for
 the far wealthier but junior foundations with names like Ford,
 Rockefeller, Carnegie, MacArthur, Volkswagen, etc.

     ------------------------------------------------------

     CHART V:  VENETIAN INTELLIGENCE ASSETS OF CONTI,
               ORTES, ALGAROTTI

          SIR ISAAC NEWTON

          DAVID HUME

          ADAM SMITH

          THOMAS MALTHUS

          JEREMY BENTHAM

          MALEBRANCHE

          MONTESQUIEU

          VOLTAIRE

          MAUPERTIUS

          FREDERICK THE GREAT OF PRUSSIA

          CASANOVA

          CAGLIOSTRO

     ----------------------------------------------------------
     ----------------------------------------------------------

     CHART VI:  VENETIAN IDEAS

          FREE TRADE

          CENTRAL BANKING

          UTILITARIANISM, THE GREATEST GOOD FOR
          THE GREATEST NUMBER

          CARRYING CAPACITY

          OVERPOPULATION

          LIMITS TO GROWTH

          SMALL IS BEAUTIFUL

          MULTICULTURALISM

          EMPIRICISM

          POSITIVISM

          SOCIOLOGY

          ANTHROPOLOGY

          ETHNOLOGY

          EUGENICS


     --------------------------------------------------------





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