Just a note from someone who helped diagnose this issue on the GNOME matrix channel:
While the libadwaita library doesn't require any new symbols introduced in Gtk >= 4.13.4 (i.e. Gtk 4.14), it does have a runtime dependency on that Gtk version because of changes in some configuration properties and stylesheet related things. The particular issue that was noticed, which is caused by this mismatch, is that the visual indicators for "switch" widget position are permanently visible on Debian unstable, instead of being linked to the High Contrast accessibility setting as intended. I urge the Debian package maintainers to add a manual runtime dependency on the correct Gtk version to the libadwaita-1-0 package, and keep it updated as new versions of libadwaita are released (each libadwaita version generally requires the matching just-released new stable Gtk version). Thanks, Calvin.