Re: Call for vote

2006-10-05 Thread Romain Francoise
Manoj Srivastava [EMAIL PROTECTED] writes: The draft ballot for this vote is appended. Please note that this is a draft ballot, voting has not yet started. Will this vote have secret ballots? -- ,''`. : :' :Romain Francoise [EMAIL PROTECTED] `. `'

Re: [AMENDMENT]: Release Etch now, with source-less but legal and freely licensed firmware

2006-10-05 Thread Anthony Towns
On Wed, Oct 04, 2006 at 09:03:10PM -0700, Thomas Bushnell BSG wrote: Anthony Towns aj@azure.humbug.org.au writes: I believe that distributing firmware written in chunks of hex is in compliance with the GPL, and repetition of your arguments isn't going to change that belief. Do you really

Re: [AMENDMENT]: Release Etch now, with source-less but legal and freely licensed firmware

2006-10-05 Thread Anthony Towns
On Wed, Oct 04, 2006 at 10:49:35AM +0200, Sven Luther wrote: On Wed, Oct 04, 2006 at 06:12:38PM +1000, Anthony Towns wrote: On Tue, Oct 03, 2006 at 07:20:35PM +0200, Sven Luther wrote: Anthony, this is bullshit. Sven, if the GPL prohibits us from distributing the code, we (which is to

Re: [AMENDMENT]: Release Etch now, with source-less but legal and freely licensed firmware

2006-10-05 Thread Sven Luther
On Thu, Oct 05, 2006 at 05:04:32PM +1000, Anthony Towns wrote: On Wed, Oct 04, 2006 at 10:49:35AM +0200, Sven Luther wrote: On Wed, Oct 04, 2006 at 06:12:38PM +1000, Anthony Towns wrote: On Tue, Oct 03, 2006 at 07:20:35PM +0200, Sven Luther wrote: Anthony, this is bullshit. Sven, if

Re: [AMENDMENT]: Release Etch now, with source-less but legal and freely licensed firmware

2006-10-05 Thread Sven Luther
On Thu, Oct 05, 2006 at 04:55:48PM +1000, Anthony Towns wrote: On Wed, Oct 04, 2006 at 09:03:10PM -0700, Thomas Bushnell BSG wrote: Anthony Towns aj@azure.humbug.org.au writes: I believe that distributing firmware written in chunks of hex is in compliance with the GPL, and repetition of

Re: [AMENDMENT]: Release Etch now, with source-less but legal and freely licensed firmware

2006-10-05 Thread Anthony Towns
On Thu, Oct 05, 2006 at 10:08:40AM +0200, Sven Luther wrote: Indeed, so we need to strip those GPLed firmwares ? I'm not going to repeat myself on that again. I don't think it's worth further delaying this vote to include this Anthony, this is a strong breach of thrust. When you asked me to

Re: [AMENDMENT]: Release Etch now, with source-less but legal and freely licensed firmware

2006-10-05 Thread Sven Luther
On Thu, Oct 05, 2006 at 06:28:55PM +1000, Anthony Towns wrote: On Thu, Oct 05, 2006 at 10:08:40AM +0200, Sven Luther wrote: Indeed, so we need to strip those GPLed firmwares ? I'm not going to repeat myself on that again. I don't think it's worth further delaying this vote to include

Re: [AMENDMENT]: Release Etch now, with source-less but legal and freely licensed firmware

2006-10-05 Thread Frank Küster
Hi, first of all, I wonder why so few people from the teams involved take part in this discussion. I assume one reason might be that they prefer IRC. However, debian-vote is the list that's supposed to hold the important information for the vote, isn't it? Anthony Towns aj@azure.humbug.org.au

Re: Call for vote

2006-10-05 Thread Stephen Gran
This one time, at band camp, Romain Francoise said: Manoj Srivastava [EMAIL PROTECTED] writes: The draft ballot for this vote is appended. Please note that this is a draft ballot, voting has not yet started. Will this vote have secret ballots? The constitution doesn't say it has to, so

Re: are GPLed sourceless firmwares legal to distribute ?

2006-10-05 Thread Markus Laire
On 10/5/06, [EMAIL PROTECTED] [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Frank - So the real question is whether we want to do that, whether in the particular cases there's in fact any doubt, etc. In making the list, I left off all cases where I had any doubt. I am not perfect, but I have plenty of experience

Re: Call for a vote: Re-affirm support to the Debian Project Leader

2006-10-05 Thread Manoj Srivastava
Hi, The draft ballot for this vote is appended. Please note that this is a draft ballot, voting has not yet started. For operational reasons, I have decided to start and end the vote in the middle of the weekend (I am not able to guarantee being able to meet a schedule during

Re: Call for vote

2006-10-05 Thread Manoj Srivastava
Hi, On Thu, 05 Oct 2006 09:02:22 +0200, Romain Francoise [EMAIL PROTECTED] said: Manoj Srivastava [EMAIL PROTECTED] writes: The draft ballot for this vote is appended. Please note that this is a draft ballot, voting has not yet started. Will this vote have secret ballots? No, I

Re: are GPLed sourceless firmwares legal to distribute ?

2006-10-05 Thread Manoj Srivastava
On Thu, 5 Oct 2006 14:57:33 +0300, Markus Laire [EMAIL PROTECTED] said: Hopefully (but I doubt this) someone in Debian will get sued for this violation in Etch, to stop such a behaviour in the future. Nice. But the only one who can sue is the person whose copytright we are violating

Re: are GPLed sourceless firmwares legal to distribute ?

2006-10-05 Thread Sven Luther
On Thu, Oct 05, 2006 at 08:29:23AM -0500, Manoj Srivastava wrote: On Thu, 5 Oct 2006 14:57:33 +0300, Markus Laire [EMAIL PROTECTED] said: Hopefully (but I doubt this) someone in Debian will get sued for this violation in Etch, to stop such a behaviour in the future. Nice. But

Re: [AMENDMENT]: Release Etch now, with source-less but legal and freely licensed firmware

2006-10-05 Thread Frans Pop
On Thursday 05 October 2006 11:43, Frank Küster wrote: first of all, I wonder why so few people from the teams involved take part in this discussion. I assume one reason might be that they prefer IRC. However, debian-vote is the list that's supposed to hold the important information for the

Re: [AMENDMENT]: Release Etch now, with source-less but legal and freely licensed firmware

2006-10-05 Thread Frank Küster
Frans Pop [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: On Thursday 05 October 2006 11:43, Frank Küster wrote: first of all, I wonder why so few people from the teams involved take part in this discussion. I assume one reason might be that they prefer IRC. However, debian-vote is the list that's supposed to

Asking for the ban of Frans Pop from debian-vote ... (Was: [AMENDMENT]: Release Etch now, with source-less but legal and freely licensed firmware)

2006-10-05 Thread Sven Luther
Hi list masters and DPL, Since it seems Frans is not able to leave ad-hominem attacks out of this discussion, and given the precedent of my ban from -release on similar issues, i now officially ask for Frans Pop to be banned from debian-vote, until such a time as he is able to discuss issues,

Re: Asking for the ban of Frans Pop from debian-vote ... (Was: [AMENDMENT]: Release Etch now, with source-less but legal and freely licensed firmware)

2006-10-05 Thread Luk Claes
Sven Luther wrote: Hi list masters and DPL, Hi Sven Since it seems Frans is not able to leave ad-hominem attacks out of this discussion, and given the precedent of my ban from -release on similar issues, i now officially ask for Frans Pop to be banned from debian-vote, until such a time as

Re: Asking for the ban of Frans Pop from debian-vote ... (Was: [AMENDMENT]: Release Etch now, with source-less but legal and freely licensed firmware)

2006-10-05 Thread Sven Luther
On Thu, Oct 05, 2006 at 06:45:05PM +0200, Luk Claes wrote: Sven Luther wrote: Hi list masters and DPL, Hi Sven Since it seems Frans is not able to leave ad-hominem attacks out of this discussion, and given the precedent of my ban from -release on similar issues, i now officially

NO-OP vote ... Re: FIRST CALL FOR VOTES FOR DFSG #2 applies to all programmatic works

2006-10-05 Thread Sven Luther
On Sat, Sep 30, 2006 at 06:05:28PM -0500, Debian Project Secretary wrote: - - -=-=-=-=-=- Don't Delete Anything Between These Lines =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- 22fc4edd-1f6c-454f-b204-6aa0bad0ce1d [ ] Choice 1: DFSG #2 applies to all programmatic works [ ] Choice 2: Further discussion - -

Re: Asking for the ban of Frans Pop from debian-vote ... (Was: [AMENDMENT]: Release Etch now, with source-less but legal and freely licensed firmware)

2006-10-05 Thread Luk Claes
Sven Luther wrote: On Thu, Oct 05, 2006 at 06:45:05PM +0200, Luk Claes wrote: Sven Luther wrote: Hi list masters and DPL, Hi Sven Since it seems Frans is not able to leave ad-hominem attacks out of this discussion, and given the precedent of my ban from -release on similar issues, i now

[PROPOSAL] Let's ship all firmwares included inthe pristine upstream kernel tarball in debian/etch.

2006-10-05 Thread Sven Luther
-BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE- Hash: SHA1 === START OF PROPOSAL === Given the difficulty of finding a common ground about the non-free firmware issue, the Debian Project does resolve that : 1) We allow inclusion in Debian Etch of all firmwares currently shipped in the upstream linux

Re: Asking for the ban of Frans Pop from debian-vote ... (Was: [AMENDMENT]: Release Etch now, with source-less but legal and freely licensed firmware)

2006-10-05 Thread Sven Luther
On Thu, Oct 05, 2006 at 08:55:50PM +0200, Luk Claes wrote: Sven Luther wrote: On Thu, Oct 05, 2006 at 06:45:05PM +0200, Luk Claes wrote: Sven Luther wrote: Hi list masters and DPL, Hi Sven Since it seems Frans is not able to leave ad-hominem attacks out of this discussion, and given

Re: [PROPOSAL] Let's ship all firmwares included inthe pristine upstream kernel tarball in debian/etch.

2006-10-05 Thread Frederik Schueler
I second the following proposal: On Thu, Oct 05, 2006 at 09:04:06PM +0200, Sven Luther wrote: === START OF PROPOSAL === Given the difficulty of finding a common ground about the non-free firmware issue, the Debian Project does resolve that : 1) We allow inclusion in Debian Etch of all

^^^ here is a no-op mail about: a so-called NO-OP vote ... […]

2006-10-05 Thread Pierre Habouzit
Just for information. This is a no-op vote, since we either reafirm the current status quo (already re-afirmed previous to the sarge release), or further discuss the issue, but in all cases, nothing will prevent further discussion at a later time, and indeed our DPL has already said he

[AMENDMENT] Let's ship all firmwares included inthe pristine upstream kernel tarball in debian/etch, and reinclude the non-free qlogic firmware.

2006-10-05 Thread Sven Luther
I hereby propose the below amendment, to the original proposal, so both will appear on the ballot if enough seconds are reached. Friendly, Sven Luther -BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE- Hash: SHA1 === START OF PROPOSAL === Given the difficulty of finding a common ground about the non-free

Re: Asking for the ban of Frans Pop from debian-vote ...

2006-10-05 Thread Frank Küster
Err, I didn't want to join this ugly subthread. But I do. Sven has earned quite some points in this list for trying to argue to the point. No matter whether he was wrong (nobody has really shown that?). Now his whining and the post to d-d-a has nearly emptied his account. However... Luk

Re: Kernel Firmware issue: are GPLed sourceless firmwares legal to distribute ?

2006-10-05 Thread Steve Langasek
On Wed, Oct 04, 2006 at 10:28:20AM +0200, Sven Luther wrote: There is some claims that some of those blobs represent just register dumps, This is a strawman, and Sven knows this as I have told him quite plainly that this is not my claim. So, the RMs are making claims that those sourceless

Re: Call for vote

2006-10-05 Thread Denis Barbier
On Thu, Oct 05, 2006 at 08:19:16AM -0500, Manoj Srivastava wrote: Hi, On Thu, 05 Oct 2006 09:02:22 +0200, Romain Francoise [EMAIL PROTECTED] said: Manoj Srivastava [EMAIL PROTECTED] writes: The draft ballot for this vote is appended. Please note that this is a draft ballot, voting has

Re: ^^^ here is a no-op mail abo ut: a so-called NO-OP vote ... […]

2006-10-05 Thread Sven Luther
On Thu, Oct 05, 2006 at 09:24:34PM +0200, Pierre Habouzit wrote: Just for information. This is a no-op vote, since we either reafirm the current status quo (already re-afirmed previous to the sarge release), or further discuss the issue, but in all cases, nothing will prevent further

Re: Kernel Firmware issue: are GPLed sourceless firmwares legal to distribute ?

2006-10-05 Thread Sven Luther
On Thu, Oct 05, 2006 at 07:09:53AM -0700, Steve Langasek wrote: On Wed, Oct 04, 2006 at 10:28:20AM +0200, Sven Luther wrote: There is some claims that some of those blobs represent just register dumps, This is a strawman, and Sven knows this as I have told him quite plainly that this is

Re: Kernel Firmware issue: are GPLed sourceless firmwares legal to distribute ?

2006-10-05 Thread Frank Küster
Steve Langasek [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: The *relevant* claim I have made is that it is inappropriate to use our GR mechanism to attempt to *decide* whether GPLed drivers cause a distribution problem. The release team, the ftp team, and I suspect even most of the kernel team have no interest

Re: [AMENDMENT]: Release Etch now, with source-less but legal and freely licensed firmware

2006-10-05 Thread Steve Langasek
On Thu, Oct 05, 2006 at 05:19:55PM +0200, Frank Küster wrote: The current discussion in no way helps the release of Etch. Why not *name* the drivers that get an exception? This way, anybody who *really* can contribute more than general doubt has to do it now, before the vote. The reason

Re: [PROPOSAL] Let's ship all firmwares included inthe pristine upstream kernel tarball in debian/etch.

2006-10-05 Thread Cesar Mendoza
I second the proposal. On Thu, Oct 05, 2006 at 09:04:06PM +0200, Sven Luther wrote: === START OF PROPOSAL === Given the difficulty of finding a common ground about the non-free firmware issue, the Debian Project does resolve that : 1) We allow inclusion in Debian Etch of all firmwares

Re: Call for voting period to start on the firmware vote

2006-10-05 Thread Sven Luther
On Thu, Oct 05, 2006 at 02:41:40PM -0500, Manoj Srivastava wrote: On Thu, 5 Oct 2006 17:04:32 +1000, Anthony Towns aj@azure.humbug.org.au said: I don't think it's worth further delaying this vote to include this position statement; as per [0] the minimum discussion period for Manoj's

Re: [PROPOSAL] Let's ship all firmwares included inthe pristine upstream kernel tarball in debian/etch.

2006-10-05 Thread Neil McGovern
On Thu, Oct 05, 2006 at 09:04:06PM +0200, Sven Luther wrote: === START OF PROPOSAL === Given the difficulty of finding a common ground about the non-free firmware issue, the Debian Project does resolve that : 1) We allow inclusion in Debian Etch of all firmwares currently shipped in the

Re: [PROPOSAL] Let's ship all firmwares included inthe pristine upstream kernel tarball in debian/etch.

2006-10-05 Thread Sven Luther
On Thu, Oct 05, 2006 at 09:28:13PM +0100, Neil McGovern wrote: On Thu, Oct 05, 2006 at 09:04:06PM +0200, Sven Luther wrote: === START OF PROPOSAL === Given the difficulty of finding a common ground about the non-free firmware issue, the Debian Project does resolve that : 1) We allow

[PROPOSAL] Postpone the etch release until all firmware issues are solved.

2006-10-05 Thread Sven Luther
-BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE- Hash: SHA1 === START OF PROPOSAL === The debian project resolves that : 1) We recognizes that there are many uncleared issues with the current binary firmware files in linux kernel. 2) We will not ship a kernel package with such problematic licensing

Re: [PROPOSAL] Postpone the etch release until all firmware issues are solved.

2006-10-05 Thread Frederik Schueler
Hello, for the sake of completeness in the ballot, and having 4 options from release with all firmwares to delay the release, I hereby second this proosal. === START OF PROPOSAL === The debian project resolves that : 1) We recognizes that there are many uncleared issues with the

Re: [PROPOSAL] Postpone the etch release until all firmware issues are solved.

2006-10-05 Thread Neil McGovern
On Thu, Oct 05, 2006 at 11:07:20PM +0200, Frederik Schueler wrote: === START OF PROPOSAL === The debian project resolves that : 1) We recognizes that there are many uncleared issues with the current binary firmware files in linux kernel. 2) We will not ship a kernel package

Re: are GPLed sourceless firmwares legal to distribute ?

2006-10-05 Thread MJ Ray
Manoj Srivastava [EMAIL PROTECTED] On Thu, 5 Oct 2006 14:57:33 +0300, Markus Laire [EMAIL PROTECTED] said: Hopefully (but I doubt this) someone in Debian will get sued for this violation in Etch, to stop such a behaviour in the future. Nice. But the only one who can sue is the

Re: [AMENDMENT]: Release Etch now, with source-less but legal and freely licensed firmware

2006-10-05 Thread MJ Ray
Anthony Towns aj@azure.humbug.org.au wrote: Frederik's proposal as amended by Manoj has been seconded by: [...] MJ Ray [EMAIL PROTECTED] That is not a second of Frederik's proposal. Does it still count? -- MJR/slef My Opinion Only: see http://people.debian.org/~mjr/ Please follow

Re: Asking for the ban of Frans Pop from debian-vote ... (Was: [AMENDMENT]: Release Etch now, with source-less but legal and freely licensed firmware)

2006-10-05 Thread Bill Allombert
On Thu, Oct 05, 2006 at 06:45:05PM +0200, Luk Claes wrote: The reason why you were banned from debian-release was mostly because of turning it in a discussion list which it is not intended for. It was rather because someone has an urge to feel power flowing through their body by banning

Re: [AMENDMENT]: Release Etch now, with source-less but legal and freely licensed firmware

2006-10-05 Thread Frans Pop
On Thursday 05 October 2006 17:19, Frank Küster wrote: I can understand that. However, I'd rather have that discussion before the GR than after it, when it turns out that people do *not* agree about the meaning of it... Sure. However it makes no sense having a discussion about individual

Re: [AMENDMENT]: Release Etch now, with source-less but legal and freely licensed firmware

2006-10-05 Thread Don Armstrong
On Fri, 06 Oct 2006, Frans Pop wrote: My, just as amateurish, standpoint is: the preferred from of modification of code for firmware blobs included in a driver that is otherwise coded in C (or assembler or whatnot) - and for that matter for images, video and even documentation - is whatever

Re: [AMENDMENT]: Release Etch now, with source-less but legal and freely licensed firmware

2006-10-05 Thread Frans Pop
On Friday 06 October 2006 02:46, Don Armstrong wrote: If you have specific questions about what the GPL says and means, please contact [EMAIL PROTECTED] to clarify it before putting the archive in a position which is legally hazardous. Right, which was exactly my point: this discussion does

Re: [AMENDMENT]: Release Etch now, with source-less but legal and freely licensed firmware

2006-10-05 Thread Frans Pop
On Friday 06 October 2006 02:46, Don Armstrong wrote: This is not the case. A trivial counter example is the distribution of a binary object which is statically linked to (or otherwise in combination forms a derivative work of) a GPLed codebase, where the copyright holder of the binary object

Re: Kernel Firmware issue: are GPLed sourceless firmwares legal to distribute ?

2006-10-05 Thread MJ Ray
Sven Luther [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Hi debian-legal, ... I've trimmed -release, as luk suggested it's unwelcome there. [...] The real problem is that there are a certain amount of firmware in the kernel, embedded in the drivers, which have no license notice whatsoever, and as thus fall

Re: are GPLed sourceless firmwares legal to distribute ?

2006-10-05 Thread Anthony Towns
On Thu, Oct 05, 2006 at 02:57:33PM +0300, Markus Laire wrote: Hopefully (but I doubt this) someone in Debian will get sued for this violation in Etch, to stop such a behaviour in the future. You do realise we're going to voluntarily stop it immediately after releasing etch anyway, right?

Re: [AMENDMENT]: Release Etch now, with source-less but legal and freely licensed firmware

2006-10-05 Thread Anthony Towns
On Thu, Oct 05, 2006 at 11:05:57AM +0200, Sven Luther wrote: 5. We further note that some of these firmware do not have proper license, Ah, no, i forgot to change this to what Manoj suggested this morning : We further note that some of these firmware do not have individual license,

Re: [AMENDMENT]: Release Etch now, with source-less but legal and freely licensed firmware

2006-10-05 Thread Anthony Towns
On Thu, Oct 05, 2006 at 07:09:05PM +0100, MJ Ray wrote: Anthony Towns aj@azure.humbug.org.au wrote: Frederik's proposal as amended by Manoj has been seconded by: [...] MJ Ray [EMAIL PROTECTED] That is not a second of Frederik's proposal. Does it still count? It's a second of the

Re: Asking for the ban of Frans Pop from debian-vote ... (Was: [AMENDMENT]: Release Etch now, with source-less but legal and freely licensed firmware)

2006-10-05 Thread Anthony Towns
On Thu, Oct 05, 2006 at 06:26:01PM +0200, Sven Luther wrote: i now officially ask for Frans Pop to be banned from debian-vote, As per 4.2(5) of the constitution, it's required that any developer may post to the list designated for proposals, sponsors, amendments, calls for votes and other

Re: Call for voting period to start on the firmware vote

2006-10-05 Thread Don Armstrong
On Thu, 05 Oct 2006, Manoj Srivastava wrote: On Thu, 5 Oct 2006 17:04:32 +1000, Anthony Towns aj@azure.humbug.org.au said: I don't think it's worth further delaying this vote to include this position statement; as per [0] the minimum discussion period for Manoj's amendment as accepted by

Re: [AMENDMENT]: Release Etch now, with source-less but legal and freely licensed firmware

2006-10-05 Thread Sven Luther
On Fri, Oct 06, 2006 at 12:28:38AM +1000, Anthony Towns wrote: On Thu, Oct 05, 2006 at 11:05:57AM +0200, Sven Luther wrote: 5. We further note that some of these firmware do not have proper license, Ah, no, i forgot to change this to what Manoj suggested this morning : We further

draft ballot for the firmware vote

2006-10-05 Thread Manoj Srivastava
Hi, With the vote being called, here is a draft ballot for the firmware vote. The voting period has not yet started. manoj Voting period starts 00:00:01 UTC on Sunday,8th October 2006 Votes must be received by 23:59:59 UTC on Saturday, 14th October 2006 The

Re: [AMENDMENT]: Release Etch now, with source-less but legal and freely licensed firmware

2006-10-05 Thread Sven Luther
On Fri, Oct 06, 2006 at 02:23:17AM +0200, Frans Pop wrote: Sorry, my comments were general and aimed at several persons participating in the discussion. (Though it would be foolish to deny that Sven was one of them. And it is also no secret that I find Sven's total domination (as evidenced

Re: Asking for the ban of Frans Pop from debian-vote ... (Was: [AMENDMENT]: Release Etch now, with source-less but legal and freely licensed firmware)

2006-10-05 Thread Sven Luther
On Fri, Oct 06, 2006 at 12:27:04PM +1000, Anthony Towns wrote: On Thu, Oct 05, 2006 at 06:26:01PM +0200, Sven Luther wrote: i now officially ask for Frans Pop to be banned from debian-vote, As per 4.2(5) of the constitution, it's required that any developer may post to the list designated

Re: draft ballot for the firmware vote

2006-10-05 Thread Sven Luther
On Thu, Oct 05, 2006 at 11:28:28PM -0500, Manoj Srivastava wrote: Hi, With the vote being called, here is a draft ballot for the firmware vote. The voting period has not yet started. Manoj, if you don't stop this manipulation now, i am going to ask for your recall as secretary, not

Re: [AMENDMENT]: Release Etch now, with source-less but legal and freely licensed firmware

2006-10-05 Thread Frank Küster
Sven Luther [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: List masters, this is evidence that Frans is not going to stop this, and as i asked yesterday, i now re-iterate the demand for his ban from debian-vote. Come on, calm down. That one was neither insulting nor attacking. Regards, Frank -- Frank Küster

Re: [PROPOSAL] Let's ship all firmwares included inthe pristine upstream kernel tarball in debian/etch.

2006-10-05 Thread Frank Küster
Frank Küster [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Hi, this is at least clearly worded, unambiguous, and if it succeeds will allow to release etch without delay (at least without delay because of firmware problems). It seems this is not true (qlogic), and still might be interpreted, namely as trying to