Leader.lead iterates over 'learners' set without proper synchronisation
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                 Key: ZOOKEEPER-1361
                 URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ZOOKEEPER-1361
             Project: ZooKeeper
          Issue Type: Bug
    Affects Versions: 3.4.2
            Reporter: Henry Robinson
            Assignee: Henry Robinson
             Fix For: 3.5.0


This block:

{code}
HashSet<Long> followerSet = new HashSet<Long>();
for(LearnerHandler f : learners)
    followerSet.add(f.getSid());
{code}

is executed without holding the lock on learners, so if there were ever a 
condition where a new learner was added during the initial sync phase, I'm 
pretty sure we'd see a concurrent modification exception. Certainly other parts 
of the code are very careful to lock on learners when iterating. 

It would be nice to use a {{ConcurrentHashMap}} to hold the learners instead, 
but I can't convince myself that this wouldn't introduce some correctness bugs. 
For example the following:

Learners contains A, B, C, D
Thread 1 iterates over learners, and gets as far as B.
Thread 2 removes A, and adds E.
Thread 1 continues iterating and sees a learner view of A, B, C, D, E

This may be a bug if Thread 1 is counting the number of synced followers for a 
quorum count, since at no point was A, B, C, D, E a correct view of the quorum.

In practice, I think this is actually ok, because I don't think ZK makes any 
strong ordering guarantees on learners joining or leaving (so we don't need a 
strong serialisability guarantee on learners) but I don't think I'll make that 
change for this patch. Instead I want to clean up the locking protocols on the 
follower / learner sets - to avoid another easy deadlock like the one we saw in 
ZOOKEEPER-1294 - and to do less with the lock held; i.e. to copy and then 
iterate over the copy rather than iterate over a locked set. 

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