I should emphasize that, if Europa is going through repeat cycles of warming
and then cooling, this almost certainly means that it has a brief period
every few tens of millions of years when the ice crust is so thin that it
melts through almost completely (and, indeed, DOES melt through completely
for a few days in thousands of spots) -- which means that all the dissolved
materials in the ocean certainly are brought up dramatically to the surface
during those periods.

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