We were in Lowell, Mass. and watched a type of spider who built new webs
every night, and there's no doubt about the intelligence; the physical
stratum (bridge parts) that they had to work with involved constant
problem solving. It was amazing. As Heinz von Foerster said there's
culture and
I recently noticed an article about how spiders use their web for cognitive
tasks, hypothetically, in what is called "extended cognition." The truth of
this hypothesis depends somewhat on how you define cognition, or intelligence,
or consciousness, and how you define tools or distinguish them
