The early Asian "miracles" differ from other export economies in that they had a relatively egalitarian distribution of income and relatively high levels of education for the populace, together with, in the case of Korea, a bundle of U.S. $. Singapore seems to be more of a genuine bootstrap case. Maybe Anthony will throw a bit more light on it. ------ Michael Perelman Economics Department California State University Chico, CA 95929 [EMAIL PROTECTED] 916-898-5321 916-898-5901 fax