------- Forwarded Message Follows ------- Date sent: Fri, 26 Mar 1999 14:29:56 -0800 To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] From: Sid Shniad <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Subject: CONFLICT IN THE BALKANS: THE ROLE OF GERMANY The New York Times March 26, 1999 CONFLICT IN THE BALKANS: IN GERMANY By Roger Cohen Berlin -- For the first time since the end of World War II, German fighter jets have gone to war, taking part in the attack on Yugoslavia as part of a NATO force and marking this country's definitive emancipation from post-war pacifism. Rudolf Scharping, the German Defense Minister, said four Tornado jets took off from their Piacenza base in northern Italy late Wednesday and participated in the NATO mission, before returning safely. The German Parliament has authorized up to 15 military aircraft to take part in the air strikes. Germany reacted calmly, indicating a profound change in its psyche since the fall of the Berlin wall. Throughout the period of post-war reconstruction, the saying that "only peace" would go out from German soil amounted to a kind of mantra. The one time during the cold war that German troops marched in a foreign land was in 1968, when East German troops assisted in the Soviet-led invasion of Czechoslovakia. The devastation, physical and moral, caused by Hitler's Reich and the country's delicate position at the front line of the cold war contributed to Germany's peace-only outlook. But Europe has changed and Germany has changed with it. "The last victim of the fall of the wall is German pacifism," Stephan Speicher commented Thursday in the Berliner Zeitung. Not everyone is ready. There have been dissenting voices and clear tensions within the governing coalition of Social Democrat Chancellor Gerhard Schröder. Gregor Gysi, the leader of the Party of Democratic Socialism, on Thursday denounced Germany's participation. "After what has happened this century, Germany above all has no right to drop bombs on Belgrade." He was referring to Hitler's flattening of Belgrade, which began on April 6, 1941, after Serbs tore up a pact with the Nazis. This event is etched on Serbian consciousness as if it happened yesterday. Still, Gysi's voice appeared relatively isolated amid what the conservative newspaper Die Welt called "a kind of public emptiness." German equanimity was clearly reinforced Thursday by the fact that it was a "Red-Green" coalition of Social Democrats and Greens that approved the decision to participate. "The Federal Government has not easily taken the decision that, for the first time since World War II, there are German soldiers in an operational mission," Schröder said. But "our fundamental values of freedom, democracy and human rights" were being flouted in Kosovo, he said. Just seven years ago, at the start of the Bosnian war, Joschka Fischer, then a Green member of Parliament, opposed any Western military intervention or deployment of German forces in Bosnia. But Germany eventually played a role, in the air and on the ground, in the United Nations peace-keeping force in Bosnia. As the Foreign Minister since October, Fischer has argued passionately for the West's responsibility to stop Serbian aggression in Kosovo. Daniel Cohn-Bendit, a Green colleague of Fischer and a fellow militant in the revolutionary struggles of the 1960's, said Bosnia had "simply transformed" the way the Foreign Minister approached the question of the use of force. Still, the German participation in air raids on Yugoslavia is potentially explosive, for it will confirm every dark Serbian suspicion about the West. If there has been a single obsession in Serbian policy this century, it has been to prevent what Belgrade sees as German expansionism in the Balkans. "We are not ready to make a distinction between the bombs of Adolf Hitler from 1941 and the bombs of NATO," Vuk Draskovic, the Yugoslavian Deputy Prime Minister, said. Strong German support for Croatian independence from Yugoslavia, and Croatia's adoption of the hymn "Danke Deutschland" when that independence came in 1991, only reinforced Serbian misgivings. The last time NATO bombed in the Balkans -- hitting Serbian positions around Sarajevo in 1995 -- the action prompted a response very similar to Draskovic's Thursday. "By its length, this bombardment is even more brutal than the bombardment conducted by Hitler on April 6, 1941, on Belgrade, given the fact that Hitler's bombardment was stopped on April 8, 1941, to allow the burial of victims under Christian custom," Gen. Ratko Mladic, then the commander of Serbian forces in Bosnia, wrote to a Western general. With 2,500 German troops now in Bosnia, and another 3,000 in Macedonia, the possibility of some Serbian reprisal against German forces exists, especially if the NATO bombing proves prolonged or erratic. This possibility has already created political tensions here. Volker Rühe, the former Defense Minister in the Christian Democrat Government of Helmut Kohl, said that the troops in Macedonia had been sent as part of a peacekeeping force, and "not to make war." They should therefore be withdrawn, he argued. Within the coalition, the issue of Kosovo proved fraught before the bombing began. It had much to do with the abrupt resignation this month of the former Finance Minister, Oskar Lafontaine. Lafontaine was concerned that Germany's readiness to follow America's Kosovo policy was reckless, according to a minister who was present during the discussions. When Scharping, the Defense Minister, asked for more money because the preparations for Kosovo had used up the funds earmarked for a pay rise for the military, Lafontaine refused, officials said. At that point, Scharping threatened to resign. But when Schröder sided with Scharping and ordered Lafontaine to release the money, it was the Finance Minister who quit. "Lafontaine objected to Kosovo policy in the same way as he objected to the deployment of American Pershing II missiles on German soil in the 1980's," said the Minister who attended the discussions and who spoke on the condition of anonymity. The deployment of the missiles was, of course, successful, helping to end the cold war. This week, America again enlisted Germany's help in a resolute course of action, but the outcome, for Germany and for Europe, remains uncertain.
[PEN-L:4583] (Fwd) CONFLICT IN THE BALKANS: THE ROLE OF GERMANY
ts99u-1.cc.umanitoba.ca [130.179.154.224] Fri, 26 Mar 1999 23:15:28 -0600