According to V.I. Lenin: Hitherto, sociologists had found it difficult to distinguish in the complex network of social phenomena which phenomena were important and which unimportant (that is the root of subjectivism in sociology) and had been unable to offer any objective criterion for such a distinction. ("What the 'Friends of the People' Are and How they Fight the Social-Democrats," April 1894, in THE ESSENTIALS OF LENIN, Vol I, London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1947, 82-83) In my estimation, Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin went to great lengths to expose the anti-scientific character of pluralism, a petty-bourgeois trend. They revealed the irrationalism and subjectivism inherent in "multiple-factor 'theories'," always arguing for the scientific reflection of the key, determinig influence. They gave all-sided analyses a scientific character. Shawgi Tell University at Buffalo Graduate School of Education [EMAIL PROTECTED]