as someone who should be calling up his dentist at this moment to schedule an appointment rather than respond to this question, I have two additional points, in addition to Steve Hecker's excellent answer: (1) as almost all dental hygenists are women, many would call them "pink collar" workers. (2) are they "productive workers"? To Smith they weren't because they produced only services. But to Marx, if they sold their labor-power to capitalist dentists, they were productive. In any case, I doubt that it matters whether they are productive or unproductive. -- Jim Devine [EMAIL PROTECTED] <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> "A society is rich when material goods, including capital, are cheap, and human beings dear." -- R.H. Tawney.