3 Points and strands, semi-long: 1) In response to Bruce M.'s request , here is an atte attemptted precis of my long message to Alan Isaac offnet (to which he gave me a long response; we are not too far apart at this point, although he may not concur with that assessment). There are two cases: a) Someone can deny the fact/value distinction by denying the existence of facts. They are then susceptible to Alan's "Is that a fat (fact)?" arguments regarding contradiction. (He arnd I are using Aristotelian logic, not Zen or fuzzy or whatever), or b) Someone can deny the distinction by sayning facts exist and are identical to values in just the same way that "black" is identical to "noire." Such a person can deny the distinction without contradictionl. 2) Yes, Gil, I think there was a Holocaust. However, there is another problem here involving time. In some sense the only "absolute facts" are those in the immediate present, which we can never get our hands on (the "illusion of Maya o" of the Hindus) because, well, it keeps constantly changeing. ( I note Marx's fascination with Heraclitus who said that the person who leaves the stream is not the same as who entered) In that s3ense the past is ultimately unreal. on the other hand it has not any probablisitc element about it. Hitler killed mikillions of people and that is that. That the eye-witnesses are dying off and the Holocaust deniers are runnign around saying "weell, you weren't there so how do you know?" gives all the more reason for such things as the Memorial in DC. Future "facts " are both more and less real. They are less so because of their contingent and probablilsitc nature. Maybe I'll bash my nose if I walk into a brick wall and maybe I won't (besides the quantum possiblity of walking through, there are such possibilities as the wall might fall down when I walk into it, or I might position myself to bash my chin or my stomach). But the future has a greater reality because it it is still to come, it is still to be real, whereas the past is gone and is only real as it is remembered and influences the present (which it tends to do). 3) (gods must be craxy stransd) I would like to add a bit mor e here . I confess to laughing when I first saw the movie (not all the humore is racist, such as the hero creating total havoc when he encounters the heroine (both white of course)). But I also saw that it was a piece of racist South African propaganda as several prople have notw noted and which has not been generally remarkked upon in most of the media. I really see its depction of the Khioi-San as tragic. None of them remotely live now in the idyllic way depicted in the fiolm. They are the most exploited of peoples in Southern Africa now. And let me emphasixze that although im many cases tnhose immediately above them are Bantus; this is because the Bantus had their land taken away by the whites, a kind of cascade of oppression. The analogy is to the Chippewas in the 1660's pushing the Sioux out of Northern Wisconsin in to the Dakotas because the Europeans were pushing the Chippewas out of Ontario. Barkley Rosser JMU and Umea sense