time if possible in order to reduce average I/O. You're just not
seeing that the rest of the time because checkpoints are happening so often.
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://doxygen.postgresql.org/ , along with reading through the modules
in contrib/ as already suggested (which won't be found by the query
above because they're optional).
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always have to be careful
about when using these is that an external table might return a weird
query error under odd circumstances such as you describe, which you
might not normally expect from a simple SELECT.
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PostgreSQL-based product I'm aware of that has working external
table support already is Greenplum DB.
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system too. Just make the mainframe/whatever dump a new
text file periodically into where the external table looks for its data,
and you skip having to schedule reloads when the content changes. Can
make your life easier while running the two systems in parallel initially.
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you've told it to use. At that point, you can then point all
new creation toward that location by setting default_tablespace, or put
individual bits of data onto there with the appropriate options to
CREATE:
http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/manage-ag-tablespaces.html
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in pg_tblspace yourself; that directory is for the
database to manage. Your tablespace should be somewhere completely
outside of /var/lib/pgsql/data altogether.
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it.
Didn't 8.2 put these in /tmp? Maybe this was a gentoo thing.
http://bugs.gentoo.org/236546 talks about what changed and shows the
associated warning, which I'm guessing you didn't see. You can move it
back to /tmp if you want.
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interesting.
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instead.
And of course this makes my INSERT not working...
There's obviously something wrong here, but the fact that the
pg_attribute entry is still there (but marked dropped) is a not a direct
cause of your problem.
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, although the
burst size can be bigger than that under load. You should settle into
where there's only 48MB being used there with those parameter changes.
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expensive hardware to improve the situation.
If you haven't been seeing that in your app already, I assure you it's
just because you haven't looked for the issue before--this limitation on
disk write speed has been there all along, the database is just forcing
you to address it.
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it fell apart.
There's a gotcha in running tail -f into some programs too--for
example, to pipe that into grep you need to change grep's buffering
mode. I suspect the Perl program I suggested will look less like
overkill by the time you're done here.
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on this and related techniques at
http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/interactive/populate.html
Another thing you can do is defer your constraints:
http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-set-constraints.html
so that they execute in a more efficient block.
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to start
instead and see what happens. On the select-only, you can easily need
1M total transactions to get an accurate reading here.
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-safety --with-bonjour
--prefix=install location
|
Then run make/make install, point PGDATA toward your existing database,
and start the server.
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be introducing a possibility of some data loss from the
latest insert(s) if the server crashes in this situation.
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|
|With something like this:|
|||printf %s %s\n, strftime(%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S, localtime(time)),
$item|
||
|(untested, and I am not a regular Perl programmer, its but File::Tail
is the best library I know of to do this sort of thing)|
||
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the right idea, just
need to make sure it behaves as you expect and doesn't clump the line
reads into larger chunks.
The main improvement in the Perl implementation over this is the ability
to do things like adjust timeout behavior easily.
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from mytable WHERE
timestamp_field (now() - INTERVAL '400 hour' ) LIMIT 100);
The main advantage of using the primary key is that the result will be
more portable to other databases--the ctid field is very much a
PostgreSQL specific hack.
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be in order too.
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stuff--faster
and more accurate.
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sponsoring the Streaming
Replication feature targeted for 8.5). When the telcos and providers
of telco equipment like Skype, Cisco, and NTT are all using PostgreSQL,
it certainly makes it easy to support the idea that the database is
reliable in the real world.
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about 8X on both read and writes sides between 8.1 and 8.3. Since 8.1
came out in late 2005, it's no wonder the PostgreSQL is slow meme got
so deep into people's memories--until only four years ago, it was still
actually true.
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and
maintaining concurrency are all critical and far from trivial.
I hope you're using the CVS format logs, which should make the job a lot
easier than the standard text one.
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reliable external drive solution nowadays, because at
least you're guaranteed to get SMART data, cache flushes, and a drive
technology that's always been optimized for ruggedness.
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Michael Clark wrote:
On Wed, Dec 16, 2009 at 11:25 AM, Greg Smith g...@2ndquadrant.com
mailto:g...@2ndquadrant.com wrote:
Florian Weimer wrote:
I hope that Mac OS X turns off write caches on low battery.
I've never heard of such a thing. The best you can do
engine and everybody works on it.
What the MySQL community calls options in storage engines I call split
QA, and the source of new types of failures not possible if you only
have one underlying storage codebase to worry about.
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Thomas Kellerer wrote:
Greg Smith wrote on 16.12.2009 22:44:
You've probably already found
http://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Why_PostgreSQL_Instead_of_MySQL:_Comparing_Reliability_and_Speed_in_2007
which was my long treatment of this topic (and overdue for an update).
There is an update
know from personal experience has very poor default settings for
shared_buffers due to Ubuntu's operating system defaults. Perhaps if
theses parameters were altered postgres would get a clean sweep.
The parameters are no better on a default Windows install.
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://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Replication%2C_Clustering%2C_and_Connection_Pooling
, with more details about some of the projects/products that add
features in this area at http://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Clustering
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g
.
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in Eclipse that might help
you out: http://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Working_with_Eclipse
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rather than 128MB, tweaked the wording there
accordingly. 8MB working out best is really unexpected though; I'd like
to know what you were doing where *that* was the optimal setting.
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or break them into a separate, optional package, but
they're nonetheless part of the official source code release.
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recommendation #1 if I ran into this situation would be Don't
try that on OS X with HFS+. Maybe there's some way to get more
performance out of there by tweaking the OS, I haven't had to do so
myself enough to know the details off the top of my head.
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. Basically, it reduces the number of fsync's from
transaction commits to be a fixed number per unit of time, rather than
being proportional to the number of commits.
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right first.
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to the WAL followed by an fsync.
That's basically the fsync rate of the system, as long as you don't get
a checkpoint in the middle slowing it down.
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that anything the drive has said is written is actually on disk, which
used to be how things worked, from that perspective all (well, almost
all) drives lie. Having that behavior documented and a workaround
available doesn't change that.
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not
sure how to do this on OS X though.
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one approach for something like that.
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how to clear the OS cache on Linux:
|sync; echo 3 /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches|
And on Windows you should be able to clear it with CacheSet:
http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb897561.aspx
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g
, you should be
able to get the smaller open_datasync writes and some improvements from
using direct writes too stack on top of one another.
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using Linux's LVM for
similar reasons--while it shouldn't be so slow, it is. Nothing you can
do about it but use direct disk partitions instead if you need the
performance to be good.
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need a much better
justification for why you can't just filter things out of the log
yourself before it would be worth further complicating the code
involved. It's just not a common request--if anything, you might find
people want everything *but* SELECTs.
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Craig Ringer wrote:
On 1/12/2009 11:33 AM, Greg Smith wrote:
1) If you spawn the psql process with bash using , you can then find
its pid with $!, then chain through the process tree with ps and
pg_stat_activity as needed to figure out the backend pid.
I feel like I'm missing something
in reality AMD's cost effectiveness can make for a better
overall database system at the same price point. If you really need a
lot of disks to make your app performance well, better to focus on that
rather than trivia like how fast stuff moves around the memory bus.
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that to lookup the
backend pid assigned; not hard to do if you've seen an example or know
how this all fits together, but not really an obvious technique either.
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a drive failure
though.
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of the query running at once, but
in the nice a batch job context it might be usable.
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time. If you're not sure exactly how the old one was built, this can
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To make
recommendations for where you
can find it.
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for the backup to be useful. The
standby doesn't actually use it for anything, it's more of a helper for
a human trying to figure out what's going on.
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having the background writer active during recovery, that
should help on I/O bound slaves.
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. As you
can see at http://www.linbrary.com/postgresql/840/index.html Fultus
Corporation is not affiliated with
The PostgreSQL Global Development Group.
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on.
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' initscripts. And
I thought the entire point of this proposal was that we could expunge
knowledge of initdb from users' minds.
Exactly. I think the best transition design would be to make initdb
and init both work.
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need to setup a .pgpass file:
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might be able to work your
way up to bigger ones.
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(but not completely).
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have to add those to the system loader configuration or set
LD_LIBRARY_PATH before calling database binaries. Ideally you'd find
them via rpath or something so this isn't an issue, but it's easy to
miss that the first time you make a change like this.
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this I did, that featured a shared SAN and commercial
cluster software.
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. If you don't expect a standby is going to be able to
keep up with your volume due to that issue, the remote one is going to
be even worse though.
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is allowing
the original master to continue writing to the shared SAN volume once
that transition has happened.
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to recovery from
a failure, and that list will go back to when you started the backup.
Saving those is actually part of the base backup process, as documented
in the manual if you read that section more carefully.
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On Mon, 9 Nov 2009, Richard Broersma wrote:
Out of curiosity, what are the favorite editor for authoring the
PostgreSQL document sgml files?
http://developer.postgresql.org/pgdocs/postgres/docguide-authoring.html
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recovery a bit leading up to here. This might be a full disk or a
bad block on the xlog drive instead of something more complicated.
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block instead. That will flush the important things that can't be in the
write cache first, and as long as you grab the incremental WAL files when
you're done as a second step you shouldn't need to quiesce the file system
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page on Linux's pdflush on my web page.
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controlled by the
zone configuration.
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a software limit is being run into
instead.
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easily find the relevant discussion leading up
that patch being applied, and many of those include better/more obvious
examples and documentation. The current alpha2 is based on the results of
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locking instead of
micromanaging the details.
(Yes, I should have been using date-range partitioning instead and just
dropped the old partitions, but sometimes these things grow only after
you've made design decisions the wrong way)
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I was alluding to, moving in that direction
would seem much more valuable than trying to optimize the existing
approach better.
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to do both.
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of the mdadm
detail (and smartctl -i for each underlying drive) on any production
server, to make it easier to answer questions like what's the serial
number of the drive that failed in /dev/md0?.
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to implement either.
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that still works, to help figure out where they fit
into the larger array. That and --detail are what I find myself using
instead of /proc/mdstat , which provides an awful interface IMHO.
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the shared bits each
of the PostgreSQL processes includes.
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whether that's still going on or not
now, as Tom already suggested.
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much beyond the 10GB range
anyway.
Your starting configuration seems fine to me, I would suggest getting your
application running and measure actual memory use before tweaking anything
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suggestions here and to even demonstrate the feature at work.
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to an
index scan if you're running a query that only selects a small number of
records where an index on the condition you're checking for exists.
There's some information about alternative ways to solve this problem at
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of are hacking on projects with a much clearer payback
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for. In general,
debug2 is usually a good place to start at when trying to nail down
mysterious database issues.
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is there.
Do you have an where one should set tracepoints inside and outside
PostgreSQL?
I think you'd want to instrument BufferAlloc inside bufmgr.c to measure
what you're after.
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* Greg Smith gsm...@gregsmith.com http://www.gregsmith.com Baltimore, MD
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there's a design limitation here.
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* Greg Smith gsm...@gregsmith.com http://www.gregsmith.com Baltimore, MD
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being done by the Linux kernel and in some
hardware is already doing this sort of optimization for you on that OS,
whether or not your app knows enough to recognize it's sequentially
scanning the disk it's working against.
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* Greg Smith gsm...@gregsmith.com http://www.gregsmith.com Baltimore
keep meaning to add something just like
this as a second level example on top of dd/bonnie++ on my disk testing
page.
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applications and see performance plunge with a larger block
size. There certainly are others where a larger block would work better.
Testing either way is complicated by the way RAID devices usually have
their own stripe sizes to consider on top of the database block size.
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* Greg Smith gsm
.
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.
The improvements in that version just don't help trivial examples like the
sysbench ones you ran.
P.S. On your write-heavy tests, increasing checkpoint_segments a lot
should improve overall performance, if you re-test at some point.
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* Greg Smith gsm...@gregsmith.com http://www.gregsmith.com Baltimore
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