I use ~/.keymap and ~/.xinitrc/.Xmodmap to swap the left Ctrl and CapLocks keys, and have for about 25 years. These are loaded and work fine for me on desktop hosts but always are a hassle to get working on laptops, regardless of brand, model, or distro version.
Now that I'm setting up my T430 with Slackware64-15.0 I'd like to learn why it's so difficult to get these working. On a console I'll see the system tell me that I'm not allowed to run loadkeys; in the X Window GUI it just silently fails. Each time I've installed linux on a portable I've fought this battle. I'd like to learn why it's so recalcitrant on portables while working right away on desktops. I've no idea where to start looking for the reason since it's been years since I last faced this issue. Rich