luxenberg merupakan pengekor dari mingana ... jadi begini, mingana bilang If all the signs do not mislead us, very few oracular sentences, if any, were written in the time of the Prophet. The kind of life he led, and the rudimentary character of reading and writing in that part of the world in which he appeared, are sufficient witnesses in favour of this view. Our ignorance of the Arabic language in its early period of its evolution is such that we can not even know with certainty whether it had any writing of its own in Maccah and Madinah. If a kind of writing existed in these two localities it must have been something very similar to Estrangelo [i.e., Syriac] or the Hebrew character.
sebagai seorang yg mengaku ilmuwan dia tidak jujur krn mengabaikan nilai2 kultur sosial-budaya arab.. The opinions of Arab authors, on this point, are too worthless to be quoted... If we may advance an opinion of our own, we think that a complete and systematic treatise on these vowels was not elaborated till the latter half of the VIIIth century, and we believe that such an attempt could have been successfully made only the under the influence of the school of Baghdâd, at its very beginning. dia bilang juga : The foundation of the Arabic vowels is based on the vowels of Aramaeans. The names given to these vowels is an irrefragable proof of the veracity of this assertion. When the Koran was composed, Arabic did not exist as a written language; thus it seemed evident to me that it was necessary to take into consideration, above all, Aramaic, which at the time, between the 4th and 7th centuries, was not only the language of written communication, but also the lingua franca of that area of Western Asia. ... padahal sudah ditemukan skrip arabik yang menunjukkan bahwa alfabet sudah terbangun dgn baik sebelum sejarah nabi muhammad dimulai .. http://www.islamic-awareness.org/History/Islam/Inscriptions/raqush.html http://www.islamic-awareness.org/History/Islam/Inscriptions/jramm.html http://www.islamic-awareness.org/History/Islam/Inscriptions/jimal.html http://www.islamic-awareness.org/History/Islam/Inscriptions/zebed.html http://www.islamic-awareness.org/History/Islam/Inscriptions/usays.html http://www.islamic-awareness.org/History/Islam/Inscriptions/hamid1.html http://www.islamic-awareness.org/History/Islam/Inscriptions/hamid2.html http://www.islamic-awareness.org/History/Islam/Inscriptions/hamid3.html sebagian prasasti2 ditemukan di bukit sal' dekat madinah tsb, bukti2 tsb diidentifikasi berasal dari tahun 4 AH prasasti2 ini membuktikan bajwa artikulatik alfabet arab sudah terbangun dgn baik cukup utk bs menolak premis spekulatif mingana dan luxenberg. lebih jauh bellamy memberi komentar thd prasasti dr jabal ramm, umm al-jimal dan harran : Anyone who takes a close look at these inscriptions and compares them with the sample of Koran... will discern a great many letterforms that have not been changed at all, or very little, in the sixteen hundred years that have elapsed since the earliest one was written. nabia abbott pun terang2an menolak opini sembrono dr mingana dgn menggunakan temuan papyrus arabik yg ditemukan di mesir .. If written Arabic was so primitive and rare in its own homeland at the time of Muhammad's death, how do we account for its practical use in Egypt only a short dozen years after that event? selain abbot jg ada kees versteegh and beatrice gruendler. gruendler bilang .. The diacritic system had completed its development in the first half of the first Islamic century, ... dan healey bilang ... ... we may suspect that the concept of diacritics came to the Arabs with the Nabataean script, ... yang lucu luxenberg menggunakan pendapat Grohmann di dalam arabische paläographie sbg sumber untuk mendukung argumen skrip syro-aramäische padahal dalam bukunya grohmann sebaliknya menolak argumen bhw asal mula skrip arab berasal dari skrip syria.. di sisi lain .. luxenberg menggunakan teknik trial-error thd sab`at ahruf dan menghubungkannya dgn 7 tanda vokal dari syriac.. tabari [d. 310 ah / 923 ce] mengungkapkan bhw "a tradition which says that there were five readings (i.e., khamsah ahruf) of the qur'an", yg mana luxenberg secara sembrono mengaitkannya dgn 5 vokal dari siria barat.. untuk vokal arabik diketahui bhw abu al-aswad al-du'ali [d. 69 ah / 688 ce] merupakan yg pertama menemukannya: Abu `Ubaydah narrated: Abu al-Aswad derived grammar from `Ali ibn Abi Talib, for whom there be peace, but he did not disclose to anyone what he had learned from `Ali, whose countenance may Allah honor, until Ziyad [the governor of Basrah from 45 to 53 AH] appointed him for the composition of something to serve as a guide to the people, so that they could understand the book of Allah. Abu al-Aswad asked to be excused from this task, until one time when he heard a reader recite, Allah is quit of the idolators and of His Apostle [Qur'an 9:3, reading rasulihi, which should have been read as God is quit of the idolators and so is His Apostle (reading rasuluhu)]. Then he said, "I never supposed that the condition of the people would come to this!" So he returned to Ziyad and said, "I will do what the emir has ordered. Let there be sought for me a scribe who is intelligent and obedient to what I say." They brought, therefore, a scribe from the `Abd al-Kays Tribe, but he [Abu al-Aswad] was not satisfied with him. Then they came with another one, about whom Abu al-`Abbas al-Mubarrad said, "I regard him to be one of those [who are intelligent]." So Abu al-Aswad said [to the new scribe], "If you see that I open my mouth in pronouncing a letter, place a mark above, on top of it. If I close my mouth [making a u sound], place a mark in front of the letter, and if I split [my lips] double the mark." So this was the marking system of Abu al-Aswad. skema al-aswad al-du'ali jg ditemukan di qur'anic manuscripts di thn 1st/2nd century of hijra (http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Text/Mss/index.html#1/2) sebenarnya ini baru sepertiga dari isi tulisan dari http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Text/vowel.html, masih terdapat banyak sisa pembuktian2 yg menelanjangi kecurangan mingana dan luxenberg yg bisa dilihat di link tsb siapapun yg merujuk pendapat mingana dan luxenberg pasti merupakan seorang yg tidak jujur krn mengabaikan pendapat2 lainnya yg lebih kredibel kesimpulan akhirnya kita bisa baca dari apa yg dikatakan Robert Hoyland belum lama ini (http://www.islamic-awareness.org/History/Islam/Inscriptions/earlyislam.html): Firstly, we do have a number of bodies of evidence - especially non-Muslim sources, papyri, inscriptions and archaeological excavations - that can serve as a useful external referent and whose riches are only just beginning to be exploited in a systematic manner. Secondly, the historical memory of the Muslim community is more robust than some have claimed. For example, many of the deities, kings and tribes of the pre-Islamic Arabs that are depicted by ninth-century Muslim historians also feature in the epigraphic record, as do many of the rulers and governors of the early Islamic state. This makes it difficult to see how historical scenarios that require for their acceptance a total discontinuity in the historical memory of the Muslim community - such as that Muhammad did not exist, the Qur'an was not written in Arabic, Mecca was originally in a different place etc. - can really be justified. Many of these scenarios rely on absence of evidence, but it seems a shame to make such a recourse when there are so many very vocal forms of material evidence still waiting to be studied. jadi spt yg semua muslim tegaskan, bahwa quran itu solid .. tidak diragukan lagi bahwa itu kalam Ilahi.. dan seharusnya semua manusia tersungkur sujud some quotes: Robert Hoyland : the historical memory of the Muslim community is more robust than some have claimed. John Burton: What we have today in our hands is the Mushaf of Muhammad. jadi tidak ada ruang lagi untuk memperebatkan lagi keotentikan al quran.. bahwa quran jaman onta sama dengan jaman dimana orang dungu sudah bisa ngepost email di kampung petar ... Post message: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subscribe : [EMAIL PROTECTED] Unsubscribe : [EMAIL PROTECTED] List owner : [EMAIL PROTECTED] Homepage : http://proletar.8m.com/ Yahoo! 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