eak....uga ninta nake....mari si budayakan er cakap karo i rumah ta masing
masing.....
----- Original Message ----
From: MU Ginting <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
To: tanahkaro@yahoogroups.com; [EMAIL PROTECTED]; [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Sent: Tuesday, May 13, 2008 11:46:21 PM
Subject: [tanahkaro] Bahasa Karo di Brazilia
Bahasa Karo di Brazilia
The Arara speak the Karo language, which before was known as Arara, and which
came to be called by this author Karo after 1987, so that it could be
differentiated from the other Arara languages spoken by groups of the same name
in Brazil.
The Karo language belongs to the Ramarama family, of the Tupi linguistic trunk
(Rodrigues, 1964), and for a long time it was thought that there were other
sister languages belonging to the same family: Ntogapíd (or Itogapúk),
Ramarama, Uruku, Urumi and Ytangá.
Recently, however, a work by Gabas (2000) demonstrated that all of these
supposed languages are, in fact, one and the same language, which received
different names from different ethnologists who gathered word-lists from
speakers in different periods (Curt Nimuendaju, in 1925 and 1955; Marechal
Rondon, in 1948; Claude Lévi-Strauss, in 1950; Horta Barbosa, in 1945; and
Harald Schultz, in 1955). Thus, the Karo language is the only language of the
Ramarama family, just as other languages of the Tupi trunk are also the only
representatives in their respective families: Aweti, Puruborá and Sateré-Mawé.
Socio-linguistic situation
The Arara Indians live in two distinct villages, Iterap and Paygap. In both,
practically all the Indians speak their own language, and Portuguese is learned
as a second language and used only as a contact language. Several Arara who
were raised by families of colonists only speak the Portuguese language, but
they understand perfectly well Karo. The conversations these Indians have with
the community and amongst their families are conducted bilingually.
The children of the two villages are taught to speak Karo from the beginning,
and although Portuguese may be learnt at a later time, one can already perceive
a gradual use of Portuguese terms, mainly by the younger generations, of
Portuguese terms, generally for relations of kinship(father, mother, uncle,
aunt, cousin m./f.).
Several Arara also speak or understand the Gavião language, spoken by the
neighboring Gavião Indians, thanks to situations of marriage among members of
the two ethnic groups. The multilingualism is these cases is not looked on in a
negative way, despite the fact the Arara and the Gavião are traditional
enemies.
Interesting aspects of the language
The Karo language has several aspects which are of interest to scholars of
non-European languages, among which I shall mention three:
The first is the occurrence of a system of classifiers, through which a
classifier can occur with a substantive referring (basically) to the form in
which this substantive occurs in the world (real or imaginary). A practical
example is the word for "eye" that in Karo is icagá 'a', in which the first
word means "eye" and the second means "round object". The system of classifiers
in Karo has ten different items, referring to different aspects of objects.
Another interesting aspect of the language is the occurrence of a system of
ideophones, words generally with a very specific verb meaning and which are
used to give more "expression" to stories and conversations. An example of an
ideophone in Karo is the word oturum, which means "to go down to the ground
making a very loud noise", or ngârâgn, which means "turn your head around".
Ideophones in Karo are an open class, that is, they can be formed from the
imagination and creativity of the speaker, hence there is a very large number
of them.
A third interesting aspect in Karo is the existence of a system of evidential
words, which serve to identify the source or trustworthiness of the information
told by the speakers of the language. For example, if an Arara pronounced the
word to'wa after a phrase, he means that what is being narrated derives from
word-of-mouth, that is, he was not testimony to, nor is he supposing the fact,
he is only retransmitting the information. The language uses ten different
types of evidential words.(Dari web: Indigenous People in Brazil)
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