CULTURAL QA 07202415
TOPIC-DISCOVERIES-BASE QUORA QA Compiled
Dear friends, Interesting and comparatively simpler QA are compiled.
Gopalakrishnan 15-7-2024
KR: Discovery is accidental and that already existed; the theory
formulated is said to reside within a compact true philosophy of science,
codified, which is thwarted by further discovery; so, discovery said to
have been given is a subjective matter, and NEVER AN ABSOLUTE TRUTH. Modern
science is calculative hunches connected by distanced data, or only
heshyam; we are forced to read and subscribe; The science do accept it
under the code, that as on date this is believed to be correct; and as and
when we are updated or corrected or totally modified, would change our
theory by way of acceptances. Carbon dating stand nearer to truth in the
sense, the carbon data if pure, result is pure; science do accept that
fact, there are all likelihood of carbon unrelated, due to the nature
-phenomena, could get mixed up. As Modern science, is a location, majority
reserve the right to accept the other theories of any member through
discretions.
On the contrary, Indian Veda and its scriptures do contain
similar versions (even today Schrodinger video sent by Sri Rangarajan do
confirms it; yet why that august body, instead holding many palm leaves
with them, do not yield to the same findings of Rishis on an equal
flatform? Because wea re British slaves even today; and keep openly
publishing that only; WHY? because, even at 80 we do refuse to learn what
is here out of lethargy. But tarnish the Indian Image which I shameful. K
Rajaram IRS 15724
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Q1 What is the strangest archaeological object ever found?
Q A1 Shweta Singh, MBA from Sikkim Manipal University4y
Strangest can’t say, but I find them quite intersting.
City of Derinkyu(turkey) : A man found a hidden room behind a wall in his
home which after further digging revealed multilevel underground city, 18
stories deep. Each floor could be closed off separately. The city could
accomodate upto 20,000 people.There were sections of Stables , churches,
Lodging, storage and wineries.Area was fitted with thousands of
ventillation shaft and waterways.
2. Antikythera Mechanism : It’s been called the world’s first analogical
computer. It was found in Roman era shipwreck. It tracked Lunar calendar,
Eclipses, Charted the position and phase of moon. Planetary motion in the
mechanism was accurate to with in one degree in 500 years.
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KR The writer an Indian young (may be a Canadian also); the compiler
pretty old and an Iyer; because he did not care to read Indian system as
young or tried to learn from others, out of his ego, keeps using his
freedom of speech wrongly by filling columns, not useful to aged nor knows
in India all the factors are available in abundance. It is neither a
literary effect nor utility value they hold. Even cat has only nine lives,
and Goebel now dead, but compiler topic headlines, shocks all , as if it is
going to be so vulnerable, yet the end did not justify the title. Narrating
a lot of facts is different from, presenting with headlines Q as if a
matter of shock or profoundly unique data.
ARE THERE NO WSECRET GATES IN OUR ANCIENT FORTS AND TEMPLES OF EXCATED
PLACES IN INDIA? WHEN I WRITE DASTRDLY COMMENT IS “UNRELATED”; YES; BECAUSE
HE WRITES FROM WEST BARBARIANISM; I WRITE FROM THIS SISDE.
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Q2 Why is the scientific community trying to hide and cover up
what I have discovered?
Q A2 Mark Andrew Guy ,Feb 8 I suspect that “What you
discovered “ is ignored by those you show it to because it is, to those who
have studied the subject, obviously rubbish. Ignoring rubbish is not hiding
or covering up “what I have discovered “ Many people make “discoveries”
especially when young and uneducated that have been thoroughly explored and
tested decades or centuries ago. I thought I had figured out an
“Inertialess” propulsion when in my early twenties.
I was studying Avionics at the time. I eventually talked to a teacher who
knew enough and had the time to explain why I was wrong. You need to
understand the “Scientific community “are totally engrossed with their own
research and an individual will only spend time looking at anyone else’s
ideas if those ideas are in a similar research area the their own. AND have
validated data that is not cherry picked.
G My note- I could not control my laugh on reading a familiar word
-rubbish.
KR Another nonsense and rubbish self-proclaimed; for example, a child
is sending a paper racket; and thinks it is discovery; and that child wants
Nobel for its discovery; and it is indeed a rubbish. And Gs in majority is
like that only. No rat can dry its tail, because clothes washed are dried.
What is science is DICOVERY OF A PRINCIPLE; NOT THE PRINCIPLE BASED
APPLICATIONS; THA IS WHY APPLIED SCIENCE IS DIFFERENT FRO THE SCIENCE.
In essence, while both science and applied science involve
scientific principles and methods, they differ fundamentally in their goals
and the ways they contribute to our understanding and utilization of the
natural world. Science refers to the systematic study of the natural world
through observation and experimentation to understand the principles and
laws governing phenomena. Applied science, also known as technology or
engineering, involves the practical application of scientific knowledge for
specific purposes, often to solve real-world problems or improve existing
technologies.
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) - Known as the father of modern
genetics, Mendel conducted pioneering experiments with pea plants,
establishing the basic principles of inheritance. His work was largely
ignored during his lifetime and only gained recognition years after his
death.
Alfred Wegener (1880-1930) - Proposed the theory of continental drift in
the early 20th century, suggesting that continents move slowly over time.
His ideas were met with skepticism and faced significant opposition until
the mid-20th century when plate tectonics theory provided a framework to
explain his observations.
Barbara McClintock (1902-1992) - Discovered transposable elements or
"jumping genes" in maize during the 1940s and 1950s, which challenged
conventional understanding of genetic stability. Her findings were
initially disregarded but later earned her the Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine in 1983.
Ignaz Semmelweis (1818-1865) - Advocated for handwashing as a means to
prevent the spread of infections in hospitals during the mid-19th century,
particularly puerperal fever (childbed fever). His ideas were not widely
accepted during his lifetime due to resistance from the medical
establishment.
Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) - A prolific inventor and engineer who made
significant contributions to alternating current (AC) electrical systems
and wireless communication. Despite his genius, Tesla faced financial
difficulties and some of his ideas, such as wireless transmission of
energy, were ahead of his time and not fully appreciated during his
lifetime.
Henrietta Swan Leavitt (1868-1921) - An astronomer who discovered the
relationship between the luminosity and the period of Cepheid variable
stars. Her work provided a fundamental tool for measuring distances in
astronomy (the cosmic distance ladder), yet it was initially overlooked in
the scientific community.
And at the same time, some applied sciences were recognised and even
given Nobel, because the applied science from the root science already
recognised, yielded another principle for the applicable in future science:
as:
Polymer Chemistry (Hermann Staudinger, 1953): Hermann Staudinger received
the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1953 for his discoveries in the field of
macromolecular chemistry, which laid the foundation for the understanding
of polymers. {Molecular structure discovery was applied to discover a
matter known generally as Polymer which gave room for a lot of products in
the manufacturing sectors}
Electron Microscopy (Ernst Ruska, 1986): Ernst Ruska received the Nobel
Prize in Physics in 1986 for his invention of the electron microscope,
which has been crucial in advancing scientific understanding in various
fields, from biology to materials science. (As cut short a lot of time and
energy for analysis awarded)
Laser Physics (Arthur Ashkin, 2018): Arthur Ashkin received the Nobel
Prize in Physics in 2018 for the invention of optical tweezers and their
application to biological systems. Optical tweezers are widely used in
research and have applications in cell biology and other fields.
MRI (Paul Lauterbur and Peter Mansfield, 2003): Paul Lauterbur and Peter
Mansfield received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2003 for
their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a technology
widely used in medical diagnosis.
***Fiber Optics and Optical Communication (Charles K. Kao, 2009): Charles
K. Kao received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2009 for his work on the
transmission
of light in fibres for optical communication, which laid the foundation for
modern fibre optics used in telecommunications. (Today every street corner
telecommunication industry could make world so small so as to communicate
while you were sleeping what went wrong with the Trump)
Integrated Circuits (Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce, 2000): Although not a
Nobel Prize, Jack Kilby received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000
for his invention
of the integrated circuit (microchip), which revolutionized the electronics
industry and paved the way for modern computing.
In India their ae chains of discovery which went unsung including
Bose on the discovery of life for the plants. Though I have 30 pages list,
5 I shall show you; and no one even in India knows them but we will talk
about the west science whose standard I had written in the opening page of
this column of Q and A itself.
1. Shankar Abaji Bhisey Born only a decade after the Sepoy
Mutiny of 1857, Shankar Abaji Bhisey was a child prodigy who designed an
indoor coal-gas generator, when he was only 14. Hailing from Bombay, the
brilliant researcher seemingly got his early exposure to global science
through science magazines. By his early 20s, he had already invented
electrical bicycle contraptions, a station indicator for Bombay’s suburban
railway system, tamper-proof bottles and a cutting-edge grocery weighing
machine that earned him the first prize at a British inventor’s contest.
However, Bhisey is most recognised for his iconic Bhisotype, a type-casting
machine that revolutionised the printing industry. In one minute, the
machine could cast and assemble 1200 different types automatically. When
top researchers from Britain contested his claim, he went ahead to set up
his own foundry and showcase his machine to the critics who were left
spellbound by his technical prowess. Throughout his career, Bhisey had 200
inventions and 40 patents to his name, which include a unique telephone
model, kitchen appliances, automatic toilet flushers and even an early
prototype of a push-up bra. Bhisey later upgraded the Bhisotype to comprise
finer features and faster performance, however, the funding for his
continued research was compromised with the advent of World War I, after
which he gradually faded into oblivion. He passed away on 7 April 1935, in
New York at the age of 68. "If things had worked out differently
compositors of the twentieth century would have worked the Bhisotype
Machine rather than the Linotype and we would be talking about Shankar
Abaji Bhisey not Ottmar Mergenthaler. " (Source: Twitter/ CPHC) The
Bhisotype (Source: Twitter/CPHC)
2. Gopalswamy Doraiswamy Naidu Revered as the ‘Edison of India,’ GD
Naidu is often credited with influencing the Industrial Revolution in
India. The creator of the first electric motor in the country is also
acknowledged for his wondrous inventions like the mechanical calculator,
the ticket vending machine, early electric razor, fruit juice extractor,
kerosene-run-fan and a projection TV. And perhaps the most astounding fact
about him was that he dropped out of school in Class 3, as he strongly
detested the curriculum at school. Born on 23 March 1893, Naidu lost his
mother at birth. After dropping out of school, the young boy assisted his
father on his farm. His first tryst with technology was at age 16 when he
spotted a 1912 model Rudge motorcycle and was so incredibly fascinated by
it, that he left home, worked as a waiter for three years and saved money
to buy this bike. After owning the bike, he did not set out on a joy ride.
Instead, he chose to dismantle its parts and study the internal framework.
Decades later, he would go on to own a fleet of 280 buses as the founder of
Universal Motor Service (UMS). His electric company New Electric Works was
the place where India’s first electric motor was manufactured. In fact,
Naidu went on to the extent of starting an indigenous company for almost
every new invention of his. Naidu spent most of his sunset years in
philanthropy. This remarkable genius and entrepreneur passed away on 4
January 1974.
3. Anna Mani Back in the days when women were barely visible in the
scientific domain, Anna Modayil Mani from Travancore, Kerala, was a
distinguished
meteorologist and physicist who astounded the world with her amazing
inventions. Among other accomplishments, she devised novel methods to
gauge the weather—by standardising around 100 meteorological
instruments—and established a series of stations to measure solar
radiation. She also pioneered the research to utilise solar and wind power
as renewable sources of energy and set up her instruments in over 700
sites. Her study on ozone level measurement using her apparatus
‘ozonesonde’ is also strikingly remarkable. Mani was born in 1918 to an
affluent family, and displayed immense interest in reading and learning
from her childhood. On her eighth birthday, she rejected a gift of diamond
earrings and opted for a set of Encyclopaedia Britannica instead. Inspired
by Gandhiji’s principles and the ideals of Vaikom Satyagraha, Mani started
wearing only khadi garments to express her solidarity with the stirring
rebellion. While all her sisters got married in their adolescent years, she
persisted on her wish to pursue higher studies and enrolled for an honours
degree in Physics at Presidency College in Madras (Chennai). Later, she
landed the opportunity to work as a researcher in Nobel Laureate Sir CV
Raman’s laboratory. *Despite her detailed thesis on the luminescence of
diamonds and rubies, unfair gender biases by the Madras University barred
her from earning her PhD degree. *Undeterred, she used her scholarship
savings to head to Imperial College in London to pursue higher physics
research and later specialised in meteorological instrumentation. Mani
returned to a newly independent India in 1948 and designed radiation
instrumentation from scratch at Indian Meteorological Department, Pune.
Mani is also credited for setting up a meteorological observatory and an
instrumentation tower at the Thumba rocket launching facility. Following a
paralysing stroke in 1994, Anna Mani breathed her last on 16 August 2001.
*** 4. Narinder Singh Kapany Considered the ‘Father of Fibre Optics’,
this Punjab-born scientist’s glorifying discovery of communication through
optical fibres paved the way for the ‘internet’ as well as medical marvels
like laser surgeries or endoscopic imaging. Unfortunately, Kapany’s
contribution was grossly overlooked for Nobel Prize when Charles Kuen Kao
was awarded the honour for furthering on Kapany’s discovery. (science
academy controlled at a place must shift basis so that world will know the
real scientists) Born in 1927 to a Sikh family in Moga, Punjab, Kapany
studied at the University of Agra and later joined Imperial College, London
to conduct extensive research in technology. It was during his PhD at this
institution that Kapany succeeded in transmitting images over a bundle of
optical fibres and coined the term ‘fibre optics’ in 1955, opening up an
entirely new portal of Optical Physics. He joined the University of
Rochester as a faculty member and later went on to become a successful
entrepreneur in Silicon Valley, USA. At present, the 92-year-old is
credited for over 100 patents in his name and also runs a philanthropic
organisation called the Sikh Foundation.
5. Dr Nautam Bhatt This Padma Shri physicist’s name rarely features in
the list of top Indian scientists though his contribution continues to
inspire, influence and aid present-day physics research in India. The
founding director of Solid State Physics Laboratory, Delhi, attained
unprecedented
heights in defence research in India by designing the Variable Time Fuse
for missiles as well as spearheading the development of helium-neon lasers,
solar cells, semiconductor chips etc. which revolutionised India’s defence
domain. Born in 1909 in Gujarat’s Jamnagar, Bhatt obtained his
Master’s degree
in Physics under the supervision of the great Sir C V Raman at Indian
Institute of Science (IISc). After earning his doctorate at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, he returned to India and served as a
professor in IISc. Just after Independence, in 1949, he was inducted into
the Defence Science Organization in Delhi, where he presented his most
fascinating innovations. Although most of his work is under the wraps
owing to the strict confidentiality protocols of Defence Science
Organization, his active contribution to acoustics in India must be
mentioned. A patron and practitioner of Hindustani Classical Music, Dr
Bhatt designed the acoustical features of 70 mm theatres in India like the
Sheila and Odeon in Delhi and Birla Matushri Sabhagruha in Mumbai, to
capture the perfect natural listening essence of Indian classical music,
thereby negating the need for loudspeakers and amplifiers. Dr Nautam Bhatt
passed away in 2005.
KR: ATLEAST TODAY YOU CLAP OPENLY FOR THE UNSUNG WITH THE PRIDE; AND ALSO,
COMPIOER LEARN MORE AND TAKE UP TOPICS WHILE TRAVELING IN THE UNKNOWN
REGIONS)
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Q3 Which female scientists have not received any recognition
for their great inventions or discoveries and instead have been forgotten
by history?
A3 Silvia S.,Jun 13
Cecilia Payne
Since her death in 1979, the woman who discovered “what the universe is
made of” has not even received a commemorative plaque. After her death, the
newspapers made no mention of her greatest discovery.
“Every high school student knows that Isaac Newton discovered gravity,
Charles Darwin discovered evolution, and Albert Einstein discovered the
relativity of time. But when it comes to the composition of our universe,
the textbooks simply say that the most abundant atom in the universe is
hydrogen.
And no one ever asks how we know that”.
So speaks Jeremy Knowles, discussing the total lack of recognition that
Cecilia Payne receives, even today, for her revolutionary discovery.
Cecilia Payne's mother refused her money for her university education, but
she won a scholarship to Cambridge, where she completed her studies, but
the university did not award her a degree because she was a woman (they
only started awarding degrees to women in 1948).
She decided to give up and moved to the USA to work at Harvard. Cecilia
Payne was the first person ever to earn a PhD in astronomy from Radcliffe
College, with what Otto Strauve called "the most brilliant PhD thesis ever
written in astronomy.
Not only did she discover what the universe is made of, but she also
discovered what the sun is made of, while Henry Norris Russell, a fellow
astronomer who is usually credited with the discovery, came to his
conclusions four years after Payne, after being told not to publish.
Cecilia Payne is the reason we know practically everything we know about
variable stars (stars whose brightness, as seen from Earth, fluctuates).
Literally, every study of variable stars is based on her work. Cecilia
Payne was the first woman to be promoted to full professor at Harvard and
is often credited with paving the way for women in Harvard's science
department and in astronomy, as well as inspiring generations of women to
pursue science.
Her words: "The reward of the young scientist is the profound thrill of
being the first person in the history of the world to see or understand
something. Nothing compares to that experience”.
Cecilia Payne was a great scientist, everyone should know her.
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KR I NEED NOT WRITE ANYEPILOGUE HERE SINCE COMPILER ONLY HAS TO REGRET
OVER THE PRIDE OF SYLVIA WHICH IS LQACKING IN HIM. VIDE Q2 SELF-EXPLANATORY
KR IRS 15724
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Q4 How did scientists discover stars and their lifecycles? When
was this discovery made
G My note- Perhaps a second reading makes the QA simpler
KR THE COMPILER FEELS HIS OWN DILEMMA! The question is also in dilemma;
stars their life cycle or evolution of space ad the rest? India is ahead of
west by 5000 to 10000 years is finding stars etc. Let us learn here first;
lets respect wife and mother and daughter and then worship neibors.
\---------------------How many times do I write about them?
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Q5 When and how was fire first discovered?
Q A5 Notorious Raspberry, Jun 20
Q Fire has existed longer than man has been around so it wasn’t
discovered.
KR Is the above sentence is correct? If fire existed which is in
nature, of course it is not a discovery. But is the intention of the
question is that alone?
Q But how would we have gotten it?
KR More than How when?
Q But the earliest example of us doing so is about 1.7 - 2 million
years ago.
KR Compiler says in that era people were uncivilised in Africa;
migration and civilisation is restricted to 50000 years only; and the fire
was learnt to be used; who that civilised community- 2 million years back
sir?
Fire is one of the most important forces on Earth. The use of fire by
humans has long been considered as a defining property of intelligence,
separating us from other animals. *The exact timing of the discovery and
use of fire by humans has been a subject of continuing research, yet
perhaps two questions have, until now, received little attention:* What was
fire on Earth like before humans appeared? And what experience of fire
could early humans have had?
Three main components are needed for fire. First, there must be a fuel to
burn. Second, oxygen must be available — after all, combustion is
essentially an oxidation process that gives off heat and light. And third,
there must be a heat or ignition source that allows the fire to begin. We
would not expect fire on a barren Earth; there must be plant life on land
that can provide a fuel source. And vegetation fires can’t occur until the
oxygen level in the atmosphere has reached around 15%. (It is 21% today.)
This is why we smother a fire with a blanket or sand, pump carbon dioxide
on it, or even flood it with water to extinguish it — to cut off the
oxygen. The main sources of ignition before humans appeared were lightning
strikes.
Our evidence of fire in the *fossil record* (in deep time, as we often
refer to the long geological stretch of time before humans) is based mainly
on the occurrence of charcoal. This is the partially combusted plant
material left after a fire has been extinguished. The oldest fire recorded
on Earth has been identified from charcoal in rocks formed during the late
Silurian Period, around 420 million years ago. Though plants had spread on
land at that point, fluctuating levels of atmospheric oxygen meant that the
first extensive wildfires recorded came somewhat later, dating from around
345 million years ago, the early Carboniferous Period.
We know that there were also periods through Earth history when oxygen
levels in the atmosphere were higher than today. During these times, fires
would have been hotter and more frequent. One of these high-fire intervals
occurred during the later stages of the Cretaceous, when dinosaurs ruled
the Earth and flowering plants first appeared. New research suggests that
many plants that have adapted well to a fiery landscape or indeed need fire
to reproduce, such as some pines, eucalypts and proteas, first appeared
around this time, some 90 million years ago.
But it was the spread of grasses and grasslands such as the savannas of
Africa, around 7 million years ago, that made a big impact, not only on the
environment but also on the animals living there. *Computer modelling
suggests that savannas* need regular fire, or else the vegetation may
convert to scrub and forest. In this context, early humans living on the
savannas would often have seen fire on the landscape, *and the first
“discovery” would have involved seeing and following the fire.* Charred,
dead animals and plants left in its wake may have been collected, and
animals that were fleeing the fire ambushed and killed. ( A kind of story
building up by science)
The first stage of human interaction with fire, perhaps as early as 1.5
million years ago in Africa, *is likely to have been opportunistic.* {NOT
SO SURE, LIKELY AND THAAT IS SCIENCE} Fire may have simply been conserved
by adding fuel, such as dung that is slow burning. A fire would have been
useful not only for light and warmth at night, but to frighten off
predatory animals, and the smoke would have been effective in keeping
insects away. This ability to “stretch” fire was a novel feat, only
developed by humans. ( what we see in movies today coined as likely
happened in those days)
*So much we can reasonably speculate**. But finding evidence of the
earliest regular use of fire is fraught with difficulty, as identifying
ancient hearths is not always straightforward.* Individual occurrences are
also of limited use; there needs to be evidence from multiple sites. There
are *claims *for such evidence from *sites in southern Africa that are over
a million years old*, such as the *Wonderwerk Cave in Northern Cape
Province.* Clear evidence of habitual use of fire, though, comes from *caves
in Israel dating back between 400,000 and 300,000 years ago, *and include
the repeated use of a single hearth in Qesem Cave, and indications of
roasting meat. (Fossils identified if 4L years, carbon may even be 10000
years old as carbon deposited decay value might mislead, HAD THE USERS
REUSED THEM AS A BURNING STONE ONLY IN 10000 BCE? Were there then people
in Israel?}
The next stage was to gain the ability to start a fire.
This would have enabled more regular and managed use, allowing the
development of cooking, expanding our diet. According to British
primatologist Richard Wrangham, cooking may have played a role in the
expansion of our brains. The hearth would have probably formed a social
focus, helping the development of language. The use of flints to start fire
may have occurred as far back as 400,000 years ago, but concrete evidence
only comes from as recently as *40,000 years ago*. {Thus 1.5 to 2 M years
are all hunch work; the oldest text of the earth opens with AGNI and
Upanishads speak about ARANAI -so the originated place must have been
somewhere around Afghanistan but fossils are missing?} As the American
archaeologist Andrew Sorensen and his colleagues have put it*, “we
archaeologists have yet to ascertain, even in coarse chronological terms —
when in our early prehistory fire became part of the human tool kit.” ( Now
the bluff of writer and compiler shattered?} * The British archaeologist
John Gowlett has described the discovery of fire by humans as a convoluted
process that took place over a long period of time.
The third stage, in which humans began to use and control fire on a regular
and widespread basis, may have started only 7,000 years ago. This may have
included the use of fire for land clearance for agriculture and even for
warfare. But even when humans were controlling fire to the extent that it
could be used to modify agriculture, we should not lose sight of the fact
that wildfire is predominantly controlled by climate.
Today we humans appear to be confident of our ability to control fire. But
we should not become overconfident. The spread of non-native grasses such
as Gemba grass in Australia and Cheat grass in North America, together with
a warming climate, are having a severe impact on the nature, scale and
frequency of wildfires. It would be well for us to take on board the fact
that fire has been part of Earth’s story for the past 420 million years,
and will continue to be so long after we are all gone. (THAT IS THE ONLY
TRUTH OR EVEN THAT MAY NOT BE}
Few facts spread across the net about fire: SEVERAL CLAIMS BUT NOT
PROVENEXACTLY:
*** 1 Claims for the earliest definitive evidence of control of fire by
a member of Homo range from 1.7 to 2.0 million years ago (Mya).
2 Evidence for the "microscopic traces of wood ash" as controlled use of
fire by Homo erectus, beginning roughly 1 million years ago, has wide
scholarly support.
3 Some of the earliest known traces of controlled fire were found at the
daughters of Jacob Bridge, Israel, and dated to ~790,000 years ago.
4 At the site, archaeologists also found the oldest likely evidence of
controlled use of fire to cook food ~780,000 years ago.
5 However, some studies suggest cooking started ~1.8 million years ago.
6 Flint blades burned in fires roughly 300,000 years ago were found near
fossils of early but not entirely modern Homo sapiens in Morocco.
7 Fire was used regularly and systematically by early modern humans to
heat treat silcrete stone to increase its flake-ability for the purpose of
toolmaking approximately 164,000 years ago at the South African site of
Pinnacle Point.
8 Evidence of widespread control of fire by anatomically modern humans
dates to approximately 125,000 years ago.
How (and when) did humans first make fire? - archaeologist Andrew Sorensen
(Leiden University) TRIAL AND ERROR AND NOT TRUTH.
1 Such a change *may have occurred* about 3 million years ago, when the
savanna expanded in East Africa due to cooler and drier climate.
2 The next stage involved interaction with burned landscapes and
foraging in the wake of wildfires, as observed in various wild animals. In
the African savanna, animals that preferentially forage in recently burned
areas include savanna chimpanzees (a variety of Pan troglodytes verus)
vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) and a variety of birds, some of
which also hunt insects and small vertebrates in the wake of grass fires.
But how many on this earth searches were made?
3 The next step would be to make some use of residual hot spots that
occur in the wake of wildfires. For example, foods found in the wake of
wildfires tend to be either burned or undercooked. This might have provided
incentives to place undercooked foods on a hotspot or to pull food out of
the fire if it was in danger of getting burned. This would require
familiarity with fire and its behaviour
*4 Most of the evidence of controlled use of fire during the Lower
Paleolithic is uncertain and has limited scholarly support*. Some of the
evidence is inconclusive because other plausible explanations, such as
natural processes, exist for the findings. Findings support that the
earliest known controlled use of fire took place in Wonderwerk Cave, South
Africa, 1.0 Mya.
5 \East African sites, such as Chesowanja near Lake Baringo, Koobi
Fora, and Olorgesailie in Kenya, show possible evidence that fire was
controlled by early humans
6 Gadeb, Ethiopia, fragments of welded tuff that appeared to have
been burned were found in Locality 8E but refiring of the rocks might have
occurred due to local volcanic activity.
7 In the Middle Awash River Valley, cone-shaped depressions of
reddish clay were found that could have been formed by temperatures of 200
°C (400 °F). These features, thought to have been created by burning tree
stumps, were hypothesized to have been produced by early hominids lighting
tree stumps so they could have fire away from their habitation site*. This
view is not widely accepted, though*
8 Burned flints discovered near Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, dated by
thermoluminescence to around 300,000 years old, were discovered in the same
sedimentary layer as skulls of early Homo sapiens. Paleoanthropologist
Jean-Jacques Hublin believes the flints were used as spear tips and left in
fires used by the early humans for cooking food
9 In Xihoudu in Shanxi Province, China, the black, blue, and
grayish-green discoloration of mammalian bones found at the site
illustrates evidence of burning by early hominids. In 1985, at a parallel
site in China, Yuanmou in Yunnan Province, archaeologists found blackened
mammal bones that date back to 1.7 Mya.
*10 The earliest evidence for controlled fire use by humans on the
Indian subcontinent, dating to between 50,000 and 55,000 years ago, comes
from the Main Belan archaeological site, located in the Belan River valley
in Uttar Pradesh, India.*
11 Multiple sites in Europe, such as Torralba and Ambrona, Spain, and
St. Esteve-Janson, France, have also shown evidence of use of fire by later
versions of H. erectus. The oldest has been found in England at the site of
Beeches Pit, Suffolk; uranium series dating and thermoluminescence dating
place the use of fire at 415,000 BP
12 Evidence for fire making dates to at least the Middle Paleolithic,
with dozens of Neanderthal hand axes from France exhibiting use-wear traces
suggesting these tools were struck with the mineral pyrite to produce
sparks around 50,000 years ago.[34]
*** James, Steven R. (February 1989). "Hominid Use of Fire in the Lower and
Middle Pleistocene: A Review of the Evidence" (PDF).{ This claim was
rejected}
K Rajaram IRS 15724
On Mon, 15 Jul 2024 at 08:21, Gopala Krishnan <gopa4...@gmail.com> wrote:
> *CULTURAL QA 07-2024-15*
>
> *TOPIC-DISCOVERIES-BASE QUORA QA .Compiled*
>
> *Dear friends,*
>
> *Interesting and comparatively simpler QA are compiled.*
>
> *Gopalakrishnan 15-7-2024*
>
> *Q1 What is the strangest archaeological object ever found?*
>
> A1 Shweta Singh, MBA from Sikkim Manipal University4y
>
> Strangest can’t say, but I find them quite intersting.
>
> City of Derinkyu(turkey) : A man found a hidden room behind a wall in his
> home which after further digging revealed multilevel underground city, 18
> stories deep. Each floor could be closed off separately. The city could
> accomodate upto 20,000 people.There were sections of Stables , churches,
> Lodging, storage and wineries.Area was fitted with thousands of
> ventillation shaft and waterways.
>
> 2. Antikythera Mechanism : It’s been called the world’s first analogical
> computer. It was found in Roman era shipwreck. It tracked Lunar calendar,
> Eclipses, Charted the position and phase of moon. Planetary motion in the
> mechanism was accurate to with in one degree in 500 years.
>
> *Q2 Why is the scientific community trying to hide and cover
> up what I have discovered?*
>
> A2 Mark Andrew Guy ,Feb 8
>
> I suspect that “What you discovered “ is ignored by those you show it to
> because it is, to those who have studied the subject, obviously rubbish.
>
> Ignoring rubbish is not hiding or covering up “what I have discovered “
>
> Many people make “discoveries” especially when young and uneducated that
> have been thoroughly explored and tested decades or centuries ago.
>
> I thought I had figured out an “Inertialess” propulsion when in my early
> twenties.
>
> I was studying Avionics at the time. I eventually talked to a teacher who
> knew enough and had the time to explain why I was wrong.
>
> You need to understand the “Scientific community “ are totally engrossed
> with their own research and an individual will only spend time looking at
> anyone else’s ideas if those ideas are in a similar research area the their
> own. AND have validated data that is not cherry picked.
>
> My note- I could not control my laugh on reading a familiar word -rubbish.
>
> *Q3 Which female scientists have not received any recognition
> for their great inventions or discoveries and instead have been forgotten
> by history?*
>
> A3 Silvia S.,Jun 13
>
> Cecilia Payne
>
> Since her death in 1979, the woman who discovered “what the universe is
> made of” has not even received a commemorative plaque. After her death,
> the newspapers made no mention of her greatest discovery.
>
> “Every high school student knows that Isaac Newton discovered gravity,
> Charles Darwin discovered evolution, and Albert Einstein discovered the
> relativity of time. But when it comes to the composition of our universe,
> the textbooks simply say that the most abundant atom in the universe is
> hydrogen.
>
> And no one ever asks how we know that”.
>
> So speaks Jeremy Knowles, discussing the total lack of recognition that
> Cecilia Payne receives, even today, for her revolutionary discovery.
>
> Cecilia Payne's mother refused her money for her university education, but
> she won a scholarship to Cambridge, where she completed her studies, *but
> the university did not award her a degree because she was a woman (they
> only started awarding degrees to women in 1948).*
>
> She decided to give up and moved to the USA to work at Harvard. Cecilia
> Payne was the first person ever to earn a PhD in astronomy from Radcliffe
> College, with what Otto Strauve called "the most brilliant PhD thesis ever
> written in astronomy.
>
> Not only did she discover what the universe is made of, but she also
> discovered what the sun is made of, while Henry Norris Russell, a fellow
> astronomer who is usually credited with the discovery, came to his
> conclusions four years after Payne, after being told not to publish.
>
> Cecilia Payne is the reason we know practically everything we know about
> variable stars (stars whose brightness, as seen from Earth, fluctuates).
> Literally, every study of variable stars is based on her work. Cecilia
> Payne was the first woman to be promoted to full professor at Harvard and
> is often credited with paving the way for women in Harvard's science
> department and in astronomy, as well as inspiring generations of women to
> pursue science.
>
> Her words: "The reward of the young scientist is the profound thrill of
> being the first person in the history of the world to see or understand
> something. Nothing compares to that experience”.
>
> Cecilia Payne was a great scientist, everyone should know her.
>
> Q4 How did scientists discover stars and their lifecycles?
> When was this discovery made?
>
> A4 Steven Haddock, Studied at York University (Canada)Mar 26
>
> In 1814, a German astronomer named Joseph von Fraunhofer found something
> he discovered nearly by accident. Up until that point, most observations
> had been made directly with the human eye, whether it was naked or on one
> end of a telescope. Von Fraunhofer had done something different - instead
> of using a regular eyepiece, he put a prism between the telescope’s focus
> and a piece of paper. He found something even Isaac Newton missed.
>
> The sun’s spectrum wasn’t just a set of solid colored bands. It had
> distinct dark spots where no light was detected. Other scientists started
> to take the spectrum of bright stars in the sky and found similar dark
> lines.
>
> The development of photography, which allowed very long exposures to be
> recorded of fainter stars, plus more powerful telescopes which could see
> even more faint stars, created literally hundreds of thousands of solar
> spectra. The problem now - how to analyze the data.
>
> Enter Annie Jump Cannon
>
> Harvard astronomer Edward C. Pickering had become tired of his male
> students moving on, so instead he started to hire women to help him with
> the grueling task of studying several hundred thousand samples of stellar
> spectra. It was painstaking work as each photographic plate might contain
> the spectrum of dozens of stars. Annie had become deaf as an adult, which
> made it difficult for her to socialize, but she turned her time to her
> twin passions of photography and astronomy. From being hired by Pickering
> in 1896 to the end of her career in 1940, she reviewed and classified over
> a quarter million spectra.
>
> And what she soon found was that these spectra fell into a limited set of
> types which were essentially identical except for their intensity. She
> soon started a classification system that we still use today. She published
> her first results in 1910.
>
> Moreover, this pattern corresponded with the temperature of the star. Our
> sun itself matched the spectrum for class “G” stars and as Fraunhofer had
> found a hundred years earlier, the strongest lines were in the yellow band.
> The vast majority of stars were type “M”, with the strongest spectral lines
> being red. The rarest stars, found only 3 times in each 1 million stars,
> were strongest in the violet range.
>
> It soon became obvious that the brightest, bluest stars were the largest
> and most massive, while the dimmest reddest stars were the smallest and
> least massive. Soon after, two scientists named Ejnar Hertzsprung and Henry
> Norris Russell started plotting the brightness of stars (determined by good
> data about their distance from us) against their “color”, or where their
> spectrum was brightest. What they both found was that the distribution of
> these factors wasn’t random, there were a series of patterns.
>
> Almost all the stars fell along a roughly diagonal line, with very bright
> stars at upper left, and very dim stars at lower right. These stars,
> although they varied in mass, were all roughly the same diameter, within
> about a factor of 10. However, as more stars were classified, they found
> outliers - very small dim stars and incredibly large bright stars. These
> turned out to be white dwarfs (which were remnants of dead stars in the
> medium range) and giant stars (the remnants of larger stars).
>
> Hertzsprung found out something else. Although K and M stars had similar
> spectra, the K type appeared to be much, much larger than the M type in
> every case.
>
> K type stars were always brighter than the sun, and M type were always
> dimmer. He had discovered the difference between red dwarfs and red giants.
>
> My note- Perhaps a second reading makes the QA simpler
>
> *Q5 When and how was fire first discovered?*
>
> A5 Notorious Raspberry, Jun 20
>
> *Fire has existed longer than man has been around so it wasn’t discovered.*
>
> It wasn’t until man learned how to harness it and create it that it really
> became a thing and it wound up jumpstarting our path to where we are today.
> It’s thought that our harnessing of fire is what led to us being the
> dominant species we are.
>
> But how would we have gotten it?
>
> Firstly fire is a natural thing. A lightning strike on a dead tree can
> cause it to burn.
>
> On the savannah there’s these birds called “weaver birds” who build
> communal nets:
>
> A dew drop, at the right place can focus the rays of the Sun and cause
> these things to go up into flame. Or just the dry grass all over the place:
>
> Fire is a natural part of the ecosystem. We didn’t discover it. We
> learned to use it. Then learned how to make it.
>
> But the earliest example of us doing so is about 1.7 - 2 million years ago.
>
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