Domjan discusses responses guided/elicited by stimuli independent of the eliciting stimulus and provides an example involving a fish (mouth-breeding cichlid) that carries the young in its mouth. When the young are outside the mother and a large object approaches or there is turbulence (eliciting stimulus) they swim to the mother's underside where there are dark patches that the young poke at, and inevitably enter her mouth for safety. The dark patches on the underside of the mother are considered the stimuli that provide feedback independent of the eliciting stimuli. I had a student ask for another example and I have not been able to find a good one. I would appreciate any help. Thanks, Rob Flint --------------------------- Robert W. Flint, Jr., Ph.D. The College of Saint Rose Department of Psychology 432 Western Avenue Albany, NY 12203-1490 (518) 458-5379 [EMAIL PROTECTED]