Status changed to 'Confirmed' because the bug affects multiple users.
** Changed in: debian-installer (Ubuntu)
Status: New = Confirmed
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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/842838
I think the bug is still present in 13.04 as well as in 13.10 beta.
I manged to get things working, and found the source of the problem: the
search.fs_uuid set in EFI/ubuntu/grub.cfg on the UEFI system partition is not
correct, as it does not relate to the root fs.
So I had to boot from a