I've done a little more shaking of this tree. It involves keeping the
notion that the non-identity buckets differ only in the treatment of
their val projection, but makes a further normalization that enables the
buckets to mostly collapse away.
"value class X" means:
- Instances are identity-free
- There are two types, X.ref (reference, nullable) and X.val (direct,
non-nullable)
- Reference types are atomic, as always
- X is an alias for X.ref
Now, what is the essence of B2? B2 means not "I hate zeros", but "I
don't like that uninitialized variables are initialized to zero." It
doesn't mean the .val projection is meaningless, it means that we don't
trust arbitrary clients with it. So, we can make a slight adjustment:
- The .val type is always there, but for "B2" classes, it is
*inaccessible outside the nest*, as per ordinary accessibility.
This means that within the nest, code that understands the restrictions
can, say, create `new X.val[7]` and expose it as an `X[]`, as long as it
doesn't let the zero escape. This gives B2 classes a lot more latitude
to use the .val type in safe ways. Basically: if you don't trust people
with the .val type, don't let the val type escape.
There's a bikeshed to paint, but it might look something like:
value class B2 {
private class val { }
}
or, flipping the default:
value class B3a {
public class val { }
}
So B2 is really a B3a whose value projection is encapsulated.
The other bucket, B3n, I think can live with a modifier:
non-atomic value class B3n { }
While these are all the same buckets as before, this feels much more
like "one new bucket" (the `non-atomic` modifier is like `volatile` on a
field; we don't think of this as creating a different bucket of fields.)
Summary:
class B1 { }
value class B2 { private class val { } }
value class B3a { }
non-atomic value class B3n { }
Value class here is clearly the star of the show; all value classes are
treated uniformly (ref-default, have a val); some value classes
encapsulate the val type; some value classes further relax the integrity
requirements of instances on the heap, to get better flattening and
performance, when their semantics don't require it.
It's an orthogonal choice whether the default is "val is private" and
"val is public".
On 6/3/2022 3:14 PM, Brian Goetz wrote:
Continuing to shake this tree.
I'm glad we went through the exploration of "flattenable B3.ref";
while I think we probably could address the challenges of tearing
across the null channel / data channels boundary, I'm pretty willing
to let this one go. Similarly I'm glad we went through the "atomicity
orthogonal to buckets" exploration, and am ready to let that one go too.
What I'm not willing to let go of us making atomicity explicit in the
model. Not only is piggybacking non-atomicity on something like
val-ness too subtle and surprising, but non-atomicity seems like it is
a property that the class author needs to ask for. Flatness is an
important benefit, but only when it doesn't get in the way of safety.
Recall that we have three different representation techniques:
- no-flat -- use a pointer
- low-flat -- for sufficiently small (depending on size of atomic
instructions provided by the hardware) values, pack multiple fields
into a single, atomically accessed unit.
- full-flat -- flatten the layout, access individual individual
fields directly, may allow tearing.
The "low-flat" bucket got some attention recently when we discovered
that there are usable 128-bit atomics on Intel (based on a recent
revision of the chip spec), but this is not a slam-dunk; it requires
some serious compiler heroics to pack multiple values into single
accesses. But there may be targets of opportunity here for
single-field values (like Optional) or final fields. And we can
always fall back to no-flat whenever the VM feels like it.
One of the questions that has been raised is how similar B3.ref is to
B2, specifically with respect to atomicity. We've gone back and forth
on this.
Having shaken the tree quite a bit, what feels like the low energy
state to me right now is:
- The ref type of all on-identity classes are treated uniformly;
B3.ref and B2.ref are translated the same, treated the same, have the
same atomicity, the same nullity, etc.
- The only difference across the spectrum of non-identity classes is
the treatment of the val type. For B2, this means the val type is
*illegal*; for B3, this means it is atomic; for B3n, it is non-atomic
(which in practice will mean more flatness.)
- (controversial) For all types, the ref type is the default. This
means that some current value-based classes can migrate not only to
B2, but to B3 or B3n. (And that we could migrate to B2 today and
further to B3 tomorrow.)
While this is technically four flavors, I don't think it needs to feel
that complex. I'll pick some obviously silly modifiers for exposition:
- class B1 { }
- zero-hostile value class B2 { }
- value class B3 { }
- tearing-happy value class B3n { }
In other words: one new concept ("value class"), with two
sub-modifiers (zero-hostile, and tearing-happy) which affect the
behavior of the val type (forbidden for B2, loosened for B3n.)
For heap flattening, what this gets us is:
- B1 -- no-flat
- B2, B3.ref, B3n.ref -- low-flat atomic (with null channel)
- B3 -- low-flat (atomic, no null channel)
- B3n -- full-flat (non-atomic, no null channel)
This is a slight departure from earlier tree-shakings with respect to
tearing. In particular, refs do not tear at all, so programs that use
all refs will never see tearing (but it is still possible to get a
torn value using .val and then box that into a ref.)
If you turn this around, the declaration-site decision tree becomes:
- Do I need identity (mutability, subclassing, aliasing)? Then B1.
- Are uninitialized values unacceptable? Then B2.
- Am I willing to tolerate tearing to enable more flattening? Then B3n.
- Otherwise, B3.
And the use-site decision tree becomes:
- For B1, B2 -- no choices to make.
- Do I need nullity? Then .ref
- Do I need atomicity, and the class doesn't already provide it?
Then .ref
- Otherwise, can use .val
The main downside of making ref the default is that people will
grumble about having to say .val at the use site all the time. And
they will! And it does feel a little odd that you have to opt into
val-ness at both the declaration and use sites. But it unlocks a lot
of things (see Kevin's list for more):
- The default name is the safest version.
- Every unadorned name works the same way; it's always a reference
type. You don't need to maintain a mental database around "which kind
of name is this".
- Migration from B1 -> B2 -> B3 is possible. This is huge (and more
than we had hoped for when we started this game.)
(The one thing to still worry about is that while refs can't tear, you
can still observe a torn value through a ref, if someone tore it and
then boxed it. I don't see how we defend against this, but the
non-atomic label should be enough of a warning.)
On 5/6/2022 10:04 AM, Brian Goetz wrote:
In this model, (non-atomic B3).ref takes the place of (non-atomic B2)
in the stacking I've been discussing. Is that what you're saying?
class B1 { } // ref, identity, atomic
value-based class B2 { } // ref, non-identity, atomic
[ non-atomic ] value class B3 { } // ref or val, zero is ok,
both projections share atomicity
If we go with ref-default, then this is a small leap from yesterday's
stacking, because "B3" and "B2" are both reference types, so if you
want a tearable, non-atomic reference type, saying `non-atomic value
class B3` and then just using B3 gets you that. Then:
- B2 is like B1, minus identity
- B3 means "uninitialized values are OK, you get two types, a
zero-default and a non-default"
- Non-atomicity is an extra property we can add to B3, to get more
flattening in exchange for less integrity
- The use cases for non-atomic B2 are served by non-atomic B3 (when
.ref is the default)
I think this still has the properties I want; I can freely choose the
reasonable subsets of { identity, has-zero, nullable, atomicity }
that I want; the orthogonality of non-atomic across buckets becomes
orthogonality of non-atomic with nullity, and the "B3.ref is just
like B2" is shown to be the "false friend."
