My "Gravitational Pair Creation" article has been updated:
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/GravityPairs.pdf
http://tinyurl.com/ybs8bhw
The most significant update is the adding of this section:
MORE ON MASS/ENERGY VACUUM EXCHANGES
If particles are created in quartets then it is easy to see how black
holes emit opposed mass charge matter as well as radiation. Each
quartet has two pairs of particles, each pair with opposed mass
charge. When a pair annihilates, it creates two photons having the
same gravitational mass charge as the original pair. However, the
photons have no charge to hold them back from exiting the vicinity of
the remaining pair. If the photons have the same gravitational
charge as the black hole, they are absorbed into the singularity,
increasing its gravitational charge. If the photons have opposed
gravitational charge, then they ar ejected from the black hole with
additional energy added.
Suppose a quartet of electron-positron particles is created from the
vacuum in the interior of a black hole, one pair having 2 *(+i)*(511
keV/c^2) gravitational charge, the other 2 *(-i)*(511 keV/c^2)
gravitational charge. The black hole has mass +i*M. If one pair of
the quartet, say the pair having 2 *(+i)*(511 keV/c^2) gravitational
charge annihilates, then the two resulting 511 keV photons will be
absorbed by the singularity. The remaining pair, if they annihilate,
will create a pair of 511 keV photons which will be expelled at high
energy from the black hole, otherwise, both particles will be
expelled. If the quartet creation event occurs at radius r from
the singularity, then the ejected mass/energy in either case will be
U= G*m*M/r = G*(2*511 keV/c^2)*M/r
If a quartet is created at a radius of 1 m from the singularity of a
black hole of mass of 1000 suns then the energy created for each
member of the ejected pair is:
U= G*m*M/r = G*(511 keV/c^2)*(1000)*(1.9891x10^30 kg)/(1 m)
U = 1.20904x10^-7 J = 7.54624 x 10^11 eV
The Schwarzschild radius of a black hole is given by:
R_s = 2*G*M/c^2
The kinetic energy of a pair particle, ejected at the Schwarzschild
radius is:
U_s = G*m*M/(R_s) = G*m*M/(2*G*M/c^2) = (1/2)*m*c^2
which for an electron or positron is the kinetic energy:
U_s = (1/2)*(511 keV/c^2)*c^2 = (1/2) 511 keV = 255.5 keV
For a photon, we add that gravitational potential energy to its
original 511 keV energy, to arrive at 766.5 keV as the lowest energy
photons to be emitted from within the Schwarzschild radius of any
black hole, and as seen at large distance. That is a frequency of
1.8533 x 10^20 Hz, and wavelength of 1.6175 x 10^-12 m. The relation
of flux to energy is inverse cubic. That is because the volume from
which a given energy is emitted is proportional to the cube of the
radius at which the emission occurs, and vacuum fluctuation
quantities per unit of time are proportional to the volume of vacuum
involved. The largest flux of photons from within any black hole
will thus be at about 767 keV. The cutoff energy is limited only by
the shortest feasible radius at which quartet fluctuations can occur.
The luminosity of a black hole grows in proportion to its volume
which means in proportion to its Schwarzschild radius cubed, and thus
its mass cubed, i.e.:
Luminosity ~ (2*G*M/c^2)^3 ~ M^3
Unfortunately, it is not certain this photon flux will be visible.
The photons represent negative energy to the locality of the black
hole if the mass of the black hole is of the same sign as the
locality it is in. In other words, black holes emit photons and
particles which have repelling gravitational characteristics. If an
approaching black hole has ordinary gravity to us, we might not be
able to see it except for the glow of any inward falling mass.
Best regards,
Horace Heffner
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/
