> Could you please clarify what you mean by the preceding paragraph?
> Traditional TDM telecoms networks (PDH, SONET, SDH etc.) can be used
> for transporting all manner of data/packet-based protocols including
> connectionless and asynchronous protocols. Although you can have a
> pure ATM network (Asynchronous Transfer Mode by definition is
> difficult to classify as synchronous even though Stratacom tried to
> implement it as such), you are more likely to transport it over
> SDH/SONET. Likewise with many IP networks including Internet connections. IP,
> being a connectionless Layer 3 (in the still-useful OSI Reference Model) Network
> Protocol can be transported over practically any Layer 2/1 combination,
> including ATM, X.25, dial-up, etc.
>
> It is only since very recently that carriers are looking to implement
> pure wall-to-wall IP networks without an SDH/SONET substrate.
The clocking and control structures of X.25 are the big barrier. X.75 had to be
created because you couldn't just connect to X.25 networks together. I threw
ATM in there because it was a new way to create a realtime network which still
required a lot of interface glue.
Today, we don't have any of the telephony protocols designed for data in
consumer networking equipment (routers and switches etc). The telephone
standards developed around synchronous protocols and "just enough" bandwidth
designs that created problems for the much higher bandwidth needs of data
systems. So, we've had to replace all the protocols and redesign all the
interfaces from the switching systems core software out to the world.
Gregg Wonderly
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