Steve, You are right, of course, about the efficacy of CS based on particle. However, Marshall Dudley has shown that adding a small amount of H2O2 to the CS *after* it is made, will cause any large agglomerated particles to break up into very small particles. I don't know why we don't just make CS as fast as we can, and then just add some H2O2 to it to get the smaller particle size back... Dan
________________________________ From: Norton, Steve [mailto:stephen.nor...@ngc.com] Sent: Thursday, August 28, 2008 6:21 PM To: silver-list@eskimo.com Subject: RE: CS>brewing question - and Rule of Thumb for CS Concentration I tried to post this earlier with embedded figures but I guess that failed. Here it is without embedded figures. Excellent post Dan. CS ppm is such a difficult issue and more complex than most probably realize. I shudder when ppm is mentioned especially in relation to generation time. You have done a terrific job of explaining the variables related to CS generation time but I don't think that one should consider reducing generation time without also understanding the issues of colloidal particle size and just what ppm means in that regard. Ppm is a measure of the weight of the silver in the solution relative to the weight of the solution. A 10 ppm solution could consist of a relative few but large silver particles or consist of a large number of very small silver particles. This is I think well illustrated at: http://www.silvergenesis.com/producing2.htm <http://www.silvergenesis.com/producing2.htm> , where I copied the following from: "ppm" stands for "parts per million". In laboratory terms, this is actually a measurement of weight (mg/litre). This indicates "how much" of a particular mineral or element is in the liquid medium. "ppm" has no bearing on quality, or efficacy whatsoever! (Fig. 1) see link above 1 particle = 10 ppm (Fig. 2) see link above 10 particles = 10 ppm (Fig. 3) see link above 10 thousand trillion particles = 10 ppm Even though Fig. 1 and Fig. 3 equal the same ppm (mg/litre), it is quite obvious that the product in Fig. 3 will have infinitely more bio-availability and efficacy. If Fig. 1 measures 100 or even 500 mg/litre, the product in Fig. 3 is still of infinitely higher quality. The only indicator of quality (and efficacy) is the particle size. The end product will remain crystal clear when the production cycle is complete and will remain stable indefinitely. A true silver colloid will have countless trillions of ultra microscopic silver particles. These are actually altered atoms of silver (i.e. positively charged silver ions) and are typically 0.001 of a micron in diameter - or about four millionths of an inch in size! It is scientifically impossible to produce the quality of electro colloidal silver in Fig. 3 within a matter of minutes! It requires a slow, gentle process over time. " When you speed up CS generation by any method, except by using electrodes with larger surface areas, you increase the average size of the silver particles in the solution. Particle size is important for two reasons: * Effectiveness of a silver colloid is predicated on the particle surface area. Particle size is one of the two main factors that determine the particle surface area of a colloid. Smaller particle sizes are more desirable because the smaller the particles, the greater the particle surface area. Particle surface area is inversely proportional to particle size, which means for a constant concentration of particles, the surface area increases as the particle size decreases. For example, the particle surface area of 1 ppm of particles having a mean diameter of 10 nm is 0.423 cm2/mL, while 1 ppm of 1 nm diameter particles has a particle surface area of 4.229 cm 2/mL. Particle surface area serves as a metric for comparing different colloidal solutions. In the chemical world, reactivity increases with increasing surface area. Therefore, the effectiveness of colloidal solutions increases with decreasing particle size. ( http://www.silver-colloids.com/Pubs/AboutParticleSize.html <http://www.silver-colloids.com/Pubs/AboutParticleSize.html> ) * Having just said that particle size defines the effectiveness of a CS solution, I will now say "But not always". Particle size is also important to the effectiveness of CS in combating an infection. It has been shown that very small silver colloids are not always effective against some larger bacteria but that larger silver particles are. (Not sure where I read that so no link) Therefore. IMO, a CS solution should be a mix of particle sizes with the great majority of particles being the smallest size particles you can generate. When you make CS you automatically generate a range of particle sizes. But when you speed of the generation process by moving the electrodes closer or by increasing the voltage, you move the range of particle sizes to larger average particle size. Personally, I intentionally try to generate CS with a mix of both large and small particles with the bulk being as small as reasonably possible. Just my opinion. Steve N -----Original Message----- From: Dan Nave [mailto:dan.n...@nilfisk-advance.com <mailto:dan.n...@nilfisk-advance.com> ] Sent: Thursday, August 28, 2008 7:02 AM To: silver-list@eskimo.com Subject: RE: CS>brewing question - and Rule of Thumb for CS Concentration I use a Rule of Thumb for estimating the maximum concentration of CS that you can produce. This is for a 1 cup volume, if you are making a pint (2 cups) it takes twice as long. If your current is 2 milliamps instead of 1 milliamp, it will take half as long, etc. You can use simple math like you use for doubling or halving a recipe for cooking, etc. -- The Silver List is a moderated forum for discussing Colloidal Silver. 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