American Fire Sprinkler Association [http://www.firesprinkler.org/]
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AFSA Technical Update
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A newsletter dealing with codes and other technical issues
December 26, 2013
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Hydraulic Design for Cloud Ceilings
"I have an area with floating ceilings and would like to know how to determine
hydraulic
design. How do you define a ceiling that reasonably ensures fire on one side
will
operate sprinkler on one side only? How do you define whether a ceiling is
sufficiently
open to anticipate sprinkler operation from above and below?"
We have reviewed NFPA 13, 2010 edition that you indicated as the applicable
standard
as well as the 2013 edition. Our informal interpretation is that ceilings can
be
treated as obstructions and where sprinklers are provided under obstructions,
only
one level has to be included in the remote area for hydraulic calculations.
Majority of the ceilings are gypsum, lay-in ceiling tile, metal, and wood.
Ceilings
made from fabric or plastic may not adequately trap heat to allow sprinklers to
activate. This topic would be difficult to codify and would be a decision on a
case-by-case basis. Section 22.4.4.5.5 says that where sprinklers are installed
above and below a ceiling or in a case where more than two areas are supplied
from
a common set of branch lines, the branch lines and supplies shall be calculated
to supply the largest water demand. The annex material A.22.4.4.5.5 indicates
that
when a ceiling is sufficiently open such that sprinklers above and below can be
anticipated to activate, additional sprinklers should be added to the
calculation.
This indicates that sprinklers are included on both levels that create the
greatest
demand. In actuality, sprinklers do not really behave in this manner during a
fire.
It could involve two levels but if sprinklers activated under the lower
ceiling,
the sprinkler above the lower ceiling area are not expected to operate. Thus
this
statement caused confusion and contradicted Section 22.4.4.6.3 about not
calculating
sprinklers above and below obstructions so the annex was removed from the 2013
edition
of NFPA 13.
Although the NFPA 13 standard does not specifically call out ceiling clouds,
they
are treated as obstructions. The standard cannot begin to specifically name
every
type of obstruction. There have been several attempts to provide guidance for
ceiling
clouds in the standard but there were too many variables to address and there
was
a lack of valid data from fire tests. NFPA's Fire Protection Research
Foundation
recently completed Phase 1 of this research and testing and issued a report in
July
2013 titled Sprinkler Protection for Cloud Ceilings. This report offered two
approaches
for cloud ceilings in order to omit sprinklers at the higher level (see
Technical
Update October 18, 2013
[http://r20.rs6.net/tn.jsp?f=001njSq6qwIQaB80O5B2Ej4yZY5ATfbzzD_PaQitIUWP19tE15292cpyZncsyDfbX-4I5UkWXepTE1IvAZSdb6TmAKADOuaOO2d4hugmZdKyh84bDWEJP8mOH7nQhAQhWIANPEJpyCYUj3Xy0AtN4fXkHAfpm1P5sEWqPa58BCRxkaY2ohijVp_z8FMjSGsvrBWDKxH1JFMbkAe-iuxKDWhiCpXKrSF22Dewhy4n6dNU7sn8VESd4u2im0qzbdTybjuqTHHf-4Exxo=&c=64Zu8_-IPq8GkkZBJ3sat5CRryNAgzBb3UaQD7Qcjlrz_FVKQGEYCQ==&ch=1zLJxoW5D8Vet-bGwHlUuuZnfvUX3mAT8x4Hqos9W3SIZGDv_VcSgQ==]).
If one cannot meet the two rules provided, then sprinklers are provided above
and
below the ceiling. Thus Section 22.4.4.6.3 of NFPA 13 would apply.
The committee is working on some new language for the 2016 edition to address
this
issue but that has not been finalized through the standards making process.More
background on this subject is that there are two things to be concerned about
with
sprinklers - activation and discharge.Regarding discharge, ceiling clouds can be
obstructions to sprinklers located at the ceiling deck.When the ceiling clouds
are greater than 4 ft wide in its least dimension, obstruction rules can dictate
that fire sprinklers are to be provided under them.When sprinklers are provided
under these panels, there can be two levels of sprinklers within the remote
area
of the sprinklers.Section 22.4.4.6.3 indicates that the water supply for one of
the levels of sprinklers shall be permitted to be omitted from the hydraulic
ceiling
design calculations within the area of application.The commentary from the 2013
Automatic Sprinkler Systems Handbook indicates that the basic idea of hydraulic
calculations, including reasonable safety factors, is to account for all of the
sprinklers that might open in case of fire.When sprinklers are installed both
above
and below obstructions, all sprinklers above and below the obstructions are
unlikely
to open.The user is directed to prove the most demanding situation with
calculations.In
most cases, ceiling sprinklers will represent the greatest demand, unless
significant
numbers of sprinklers are installed under obstructions with long runs of pipe
with
relatively small diameters.Regarding the sprinkler activation, we have done some
past evaluations for activation in symmetrical layouts of suspended ceiling
panels
with gaps and a ceiling height of 8 ft and 16 ft in attempt to omit sprinklers
above
the ceiling clouds.NFPA's Fire Protection Research Foundation followed this with
more modeling research and actual fire testing with results noted in the report
for cloud ceilings that was mentioned above.
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Hosted by the American Fire Sprinkler Association
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Technical Update is prepared by the Technical Services Dept. of the AFSA: Vice
President
of Engineering and Technical Services Roland Huggins, a PE registered in fire
protection
engineering; Phill Brown, a NICET IV certified automatic sprinkler technician
and
NFPA Certified Fire Protection Specialist (CFPS) and Tom Wellen, a PE registered
in fire protection engineering. This is provided with the understanding that
the
AFSA assumes no liability for this opinion or actions taken on it and they are
not
to be considered the official position of the NFPA or its technical committees.
Copyright 2012, American Fire Sprinkler Association.
All Rights Reserved
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PDF Version
12/26/2013
PDF Link
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PDF Version of
10/18/2013
for the 2 Part Rule
Cloud Ceilings
PDF Link
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Training Calendar
AFSA Beginning
Fire Sprinkler System
Planning School
Feb 3 - 14, 2014
Check our calendar to view upcoming training.
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