that error can be fixed using correlate_except:
@classmethod
def hybrid_type_name_subquery(cls):
return select([HybridType.name]).\
where(HybridType.id == cls.hybrid_type_id).\
correlate_except(HybridType).as_scalar()
but now that we're looking at your queries in full, the comparator
makes no sense. It just pulls in HybridType into the FROM clause and
makes a broken query with "FROM hybrids, hybrid_types" without them
being joined.
your tests pass just using plain @expression and keeping the
subqueries contained:
@hybrid_property
def hybrid_type_name(self):
return self.hybrid_type.name
@hybrid_type_name.setter
def hybrid_type_name(self, value):
self.hybrid_type_id = (
select([HybridType.id]).
where(HybridType.name == value)
)
@hybrid_type_name.expression
def hybrid_type_name(cls):
return cls.hybrid_type_name_subquery()
@classmethod
def hybrid_type_name_subquery(cls):
return select([HybridType.name]).\
where(HybridType.id == cls.hybrid_type_id).as_scalar()
for extra protection with correlation, correlate_except looks like this:
@classmethod
def hybrid_type_name_subquery(cls):
return select([HybridType.name]).\
where(HybridType.id == cls.hybrid_type_id).\
correlate_except(HybridType).as_scalar()
On Tue, Oct 31, 2017 at 12:18 PM, Tucker Beck <tucker.b...@gmail.com> wrote:
> Thanks so much for getting back so fast, Mike!
>
> For some background: we started with the expression, but then discovered
> that the performance we were getting was pretty bad on queries when the
> table was large and we were filtering by the hybrid attribute. Postgres was
> doing a sequence-scan, and the plan was pretty bad. So, I learned about
> custom comparators, and that helped the performance for those kind of
> queries really dramatically. I didn't realize that the comparator was not
> meant to be used along-side an expression; I thought they served different
> purposes.
>
> Trying your suggestion worked great for order_by. However, filtering on the
> hybrid attribute is failing with complaints about correlation.
>
> I revised the code as:
>
> from sqlalchemy import *
> from sqlalchemy.orm import *
> from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base, declared_attr
> from sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid import hybrid_property, Comparator
>
> Base = declarative_base()
>
> class classproperty(property):
> """A decorator that behaves like @property except that operates
> on classes rather than instances.
>
> The decorator is currently special when using the declarative
> module, but note that the
> :class:`~.sqlalchemy.ext.declarative.declared_attr`
> decorator should be used for this purpose with declarative.
>
> """
>
> def __init__(self, fget, *arg, **kw):
> super(classproperty, self).__init__(fget, *arg, **kw)
> self.__doc__ = fget.__doc__
>
> def __get__(desc, self, cls):
> return desc.fget(cls)
>
>
> class ModelBase(Base):
> __abstract__ = True
>
> def __repr__(self):
> return "{} ({}:{})".format(type(self).__name__, self.name, self.id)
>
>
> class HybridType(ModelBase):
> __tablename__ = 'hybrid_types'
> id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
> name = Column(Text)
>
>
> class HybridModel(ModelBase):
> __tablename__ = 'hybrids'
>
> id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
> name = Column(Text)
> hybrid_type_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('hybrid_types.id'),
> nullable=False)
> hybrid_type = relationship('HybridType')
>
> def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
> self.hybrid_type_name = self.hybrid_type_identity
> return super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
>
> @classproperty
> def hybrid_type_identity(cls):
> return cls.__name__
>
> @declared_attr
> def __mapper_args__(cls):
> return dict(
> polymorphic_on=cls.hybrid_type_name_subquery(),
> polymorphic_identity=cls.hybrid_type_identity,
> )
>
> @hybrid_property
> def hybrid_type_name(self):
> return self.hybrid_type.name
>
> @hybrid_type_name.setter
> def hybrid_type_name(self, value):
> self.hybrid_type_id = (
> select([HybridType.id]).
> where(HybridType.name == value)
> )
>
> @classmethod
> def hybrid_type_name_subquery(cls):
> return select([HybridType.name]).where(HybridType.id ==
> cls.hybrid_type_id).as_scalar()
>
> class HybridComparator(Comparator):
>
> def __clause_element__(self):
> return self.expression.hybrid_type_name_subquery()
>
> def operate(self, op, other):
> return op(HybridType.id,
> select([HybridType.id]).where(HybridType.name == other).as_scalar())
>
> @hybrid_type_name.comparator
> def hybrid_type_name(cls):
> return cls.HybridComparator(cls)
>
>
> class HybridAlpha(HybridModel):
> pass
>
>
> class HybridBeta(HybridModel):
> pass
>
>
> e = create_engine("sqlite://", echo=False)
> Base.metadata.create_all(e)
> session = Session(e)
>
>
> session.add(HybridType(name=HybridAlpha.hybrid_type_identity))
> session.add(HybridType(name=HybridBeta.hybrid_type_identity))
> session.add(HybridAlpha(name='alpha_instance'))
> session.add(HybridBeta(name='beta_instance'))
>
>
> print("--- Test query from base hybrid model ---")
> assert session.query(HybridModel).count() == 2
> print("passed")
> print("--- Test query from base derived hybrid model ---")
> assert session.query(HybridAlpha).count() == 1
> assert session.query(HybridBeta).count() == 1
> print("passed")
> print("--- Test query order_by on hybrid attribute ---")
> assert [
> x.hybrid_type_name for x
> in session.query(HybridModel).order_by(HybridModel.hybrid_type_name)
> ] == [HybridAlpha.hybrid_type_identity, HybridBeta.hybrid_type_identity]
> print("passed")
> print("--- Test query filter_by on hybrid attribute ---")
> assert
> session.query(HybridModel).filter_by(hybrid_type_name=HybridAlpha.hybrid_type_identity).count()
> == 1
> print("passed")
> print("--- Test query filtered on hybrid attribute ---")
> assert session.query(HybridModel).filter(HybridAlpha.hybrid_type_name ==
> HybridAlpha.hybrid_type_identity).count() == 1
> print("passed")
>
>
> And here's the output
>
> /venv:cem/ $ python demo.py
> --- Test query from base hybrid model ---
> passed
> --- Test query from base derived hybrid model ---
> passed
> --- Test query order_by on hybrid attribute ---
> passed
> --- Test query filter_by on hybrid attribute ---
> Traceback (most recent call last):
> File "demo.py", line 124, in <module>
> assert
> session.query(HybridModel).filter_by(hybrid_type_name=HybridAlpha.hybrid_type_identity).correlate(HybridModel).count()
> == 1
> File
> "/home/tbeck/.virtualenvs/cem/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/query.py",
> line 3089, in count
> return self.from_self(col).scalar()
> File
> "/home/tbeck/.virtualenvs/cem/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/query.py",
> line 2843, in scalar
> ret = self.one()
> File
> "/home/tbeck/.virtualenvs/cem/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/query.py",
> line 2814, in one
> ret = self.one_or_none()
> File
> "/home/tbeck/.virtualenvs/cem/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/query.py",
> line 2784, in one_or_none
> ret = list(self)
> File
> "/home/tbeck/.virtualenvs/cem/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/query.py",
> line 2855, in __iter__
> return self._execute_and_instances(context)
> File
> "/home/tbeck/.virtualenvs/cem/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/query.py",
> line 2878, in _execute_and_instances
> result = conn.execute(querycontext.statement, self._params)
> File
> "/home/tbeck/.virtualenvs/cem/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py",
> line 945, in execute
> return meth(self, multiparams, params)
> File
> "/home/tbeck/.virtualenvs/cem/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/elements.py",
> line 263, in _execute_on_connection
> return connection._execute_clauseelement(self, multiparams, params)
> File
> "/home/tbeck/.virtualenvs/cem/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py",
> line 1046, in _execute_clauseelement
> if not self.schema_for_object.is_default else None)
> File "<string>", line 1, in <lambda>
> File
> "/home/tbeck/.virtualenvs/cem/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/elements.py",
> line 436, in compile
> return self._compiler(dialect, bind=bind, **kw)
> File
> "/home/tbeck/.virtualenvs/cem/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/elements.py",
> line 442, in _compiler
> return dialect.statement_compiler(dialect, self, **kw)
> File
> "/home/tbeck/.virtualenvs/cem/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/compiler.py",
> line 435, in __init__
> Compiled.__init__(self, dialect, statement, **kwargs)
> File
> "/home/tbeck/.virtualenvs/cem/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/compiler.py",
> line 216, in __init__
> self.string = self.process(self.statement, **compile_kwargs)
> File
> "/home/tbeck/.virtualenvs/cem/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/compiler.py",
> line 242, in process
> return obj._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs)
> File
> "/home/tbeck/.virtualenvs/cem/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/visitors.py",
> line 81, in _compiler_dispatch
> return meth(self, **kw)
> File
> "/home/tbeck/.virtualenvs/cem/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/compiler.py",
> line 1738, in visit_select
> text, select, inner_columns, froms, byfrom, kwargs)
> File
> "/home/tbeck/.virtualenvs/cem/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/compiler.py",
> line 1817, in _compose_select_body
> for f in froms])
> File
> "/home/tbeck/.virtualenvs/cem/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/compiler.py",
> line 1817, in <listcomp>
> for f in froms])
> File
> "/home/tbeck/.virtualenvs/cem/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/visitors.py",
> line 81, in _compiler_dispatch
> return meth(self, **kw)
> File
> "/home/tbeck/.virtualenvs/cem/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/compiler.py",
> line 1379, in visit_alias
> asfrom=True, **kwargs) + \
> File
> "/home/tbeck/.virtualenvs/cem/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/annotation.py",
> line 80, in _compiler_dispatch
> self, visitor, **kw)
> File
> "/home/tbeck/.virtualenvs/cem/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/visitors.py",
> line 81, in _compiler_dispatch
> return meth(self, **kw)
> File
> "/home/tbeck/.virtualenvs/cem/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/compiler.py",
> line 1716, in visit_select
> for name, column in select._columns_plus_names
> File
> "/home/tbeck/.virtualenvs/cem/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/compiler.py",
> line 1716, in <listcomp>
> for name, column in select._columns_plus_names
> File
> "/home/tbeck/.virtualenvs/cem/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/compiler.py",
> line 1488, in _label_select_column
> **column_clause_args
> File
> "/home/tbeck/.virtualenvs/cem/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/visitors.py",
> line 81, in _compiler_dispatch
> return meth(self, **kw)
> File
> "/home/tbeck/.virtualenvs/cem/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/compiler.py",
> line 664, in visit_label
> OPERATORS[operators.as_] + \
> File
> "/home/tbeck/.virtualenvs/cem/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/visitors.py",
> line 81, in _compiler_dispatch
> return meth(self, **kw)
> File
> "/home/tbeck/.virtualenvs/cem/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/compiler.py",
> line 576, in visit_grouping
> return "(" + grouping.element._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs) + ")"
> File
> "/home/tbeck/.virtualenvs/cem/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/visitors.py",
> line 81, in _compiler_dispatch
> return meth(self, **kw)
> File
> "/home/tbeck/.virtualenvs/cem/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/compiler.py",
> line 1685, in visit_select
> froms = self._setup_select_stack(select, entry, asfrom, lateral)
> File
> "/home/tbeck/.virtualenvs/cem/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/compiler.py",
> line 1788, in _setup_select_stack
> implicit_correlate_froms=asfrom_froms)
> File
> "/home/tbeck/.virtualenvs/cem/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/selectable.py",
> line 2843, in _get_display_froms
> "manually." % self)
> sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError: Select statement 'SELECT
> hybrid_types.name
> FROM hybrid_types, hybrids
> WHERE hybrid_types.id = hybrids.hybrid_type_id' returned no FROM clauses due
> to auto-correlation; specify correlate(<tables>) to control correlation
> manually.
>
> I've tried looking for some examples for how to use correlate and tried
> stuffing it in a few places and still haven't gotten around this error. What
> am I missing?
>
> (Thanks again so much for the quick response)
>
>
> On Mon, Oct 30, 2017 at 4:58 PM, Mike Bayer <mike...@zzzcomputing.com>
> wrote:
>>
>> On Mon, Oct 30, 2017 at 6:43 PM, Tucker Beck <tucker.b...@gmail.com>
>> wrote:
>> > I wrestled through getting a model heirarchy to work with single-table
>> > inheritance that is polymorphic on a hybrid attribute on this mailing
>> > list a
>> > while ago.
>> >
>> > see: https://groups.google.com/d/topic/sqlalchemy/KJXSHwbhbLA/discussion
>> >
>> > The problem I'm running into now is that it doesn't seem to work
>> > correctly
>> > when I want to use the hybrid property for filtering or ordering.
>> > This seems to be an issue with auto-correlation, but I can't seem to
>> > figure
>> > out how to get it working.
>> >
>> > Here is a runnable example:
>>
>> OK so lets pdb:
>>
>> class HybridBeta(HybridModel):
>> pass
>>
>>
>> session = Session()
>>
>> import pdb
>> pdb.set_trace()
>>
>>
>>
>> what are we getting from HybridModel.hybrid_type_name:
>>
>> (Pdb) HybridModel.hybrid_type_name
>> <sqlalchemy.orm.attributes.create_proxied_attribute.<locals>.Proxy
>> object at 0x7f95594ca200>
>>
>>
>> that's not right. I see there's a @comparator and also an
>> @expression. Those actually aren't designed to be used together,
>> you'd use one or the other. I'm not sure what you're trying to do
>> but based on the organization of what I see you'd want to do this:
>>
>> @classmethod
>> def hybrid_type_name_subquery(cls):
>> return select([HybridType.name]).where(HybridType.id ==
>> cls.hybrid_type_id).as_scalar()
>>
>> class HybridComparator(Comparator):
>>
>> def __clause_element__(self):
>> return self.expression.hybrid_type_name_subquery()
>>
>> def operate(self, op, other):
>> return op(HybridType.id,
>> select([HybridType.id]).where(HybridType.name == other).as_scalar())
>>
>> @hybrid_type_name.comparator
>> def hybrid_type_name(cls):
>> return cls.HybridComparator(cls)
>>
>>
>> which gives you a query:
>>
>> print(session.query(HybridModel).order_by(HybridModel.hybrid_type_name))
>>
>> SELECT hybrids.id AS hybrids_id, hybrids.name AS hybrids_name,
>> hybrids.hybrid_type_id AS hybrids_hybrid_type_id, (SELECT
>> hybrid_types.name
>> FROM hybrid_types
>> WHERE hybrid_types.id = hybrids.hybrid_type_id) AS _sa_polymorphic_on
>> FROM hybrids ORDER BY (SELECT hybrid_types.name
>> FROM hybrid_types
>> WHERE hybrid_types.id = hybrids.hybrid_type_id)
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> >
>> > from sqlalchemy import *
>> > from sqlalchemy.orm import *
>> > from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base, declared_attr
>> > from sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid import hybrid_property, Comparator
>> >
>> > Base = declarative_base()
>> >
>> > class classproperty(property):
>> > """A decorator that behaves like @property except that operates
>> > on classes rather than instances.
>> >
>> > The decorator is currently special when using the declarative
>> > module, but note that the
>> > :class:`~.sqlalchemy.ext.declarative.declared_attr`
>> > decorator should be used for this purpose with declarative.
>> >
>> > """
>> >
>> > def __init__(self, fget, *arg, **kw):
>> > super(classproperty, self).__init__(fget, *arg, **kw)
>> > self.__doc__ = fget.__doc__
>> >
>> > def __get__(desc, self, cls):
>> > return desc.fget(cls)
>> >
>> >
>> > class ModelBase(Base):
>> > __abstract__ = True
>> >
>> > def __repr__(self):
>> > return "{} ({}:{})".format(type(self).__name__, self.name,
>> > self.id)
>> >
>> >
>> > class HybridType(ModelBase):
>> > __tablename__ = 'hybrid_types'
>> > id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
>> > name = Column(Text)
>> >
>> >
>> > class HybridModel(ModelBase):
>> > __tablename__ = 'hybrids'
>> >
>> > id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
>> > name = Column(Text)
>> > hybrid_type_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('hybrid_types.id'),
>> > nullable=False)
>> > hybrid_type = relationship('HybridType')
>> >
>> > def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
>> > self.hybrid_type_name = self.hybrid_type_identity
>> > return super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
>> >
>> > @classproperty
>> > def hybrid_type_identity(cls):
>> > return cls.__name__
>> >
>> > @declared_attr
>> > def __mapper_args__(cls):
>> > return dict(
>> > polymorphic_on=cls.hybrid_type_name_subquery(),
>> > polymorphic_identity=cls.hybrid_type_identity,
>> > )
>> >
>> > @hybrid_property
>> > def hybrid_type_name(self):
>> > return self.hybrid_type.name
>> >
>> > @hybrid_type_name.setter
>> > def hybrid_type_name(self, value):
>> > self.hybrid_type_id = (
>> > select([HybridType.id]).
>> > where(HybridType.name == value)
>> > )
>> >
>> > @hybrid_type_name.expression
>> > def hybrid_type_name(cls):
>> > return cls.hybrid_type_name_subquery()
>> >
>> > @classmethod
>> > def hybrid_type_name_subquery(cls):
>> > return select([HybridType.name]).where(HybridType.id ==
>> > cls.hybrid_type_id).as_scalar()
>> >
>> > class HybridComparator(Comparator):
>> >
>> > def operate(self, op, other):
>> > return op(HybridType.id,
>> > select([HybridType.id]).where(HybridType.name == other).as_scalar())
>> >
>> > @hybrid_type_name.comparator
>> > def hybrid_type_name(cls):
>> > return cls.HybridComparator(cls)
>> >
>> >
>> > class HybridAlpha(HybridModel):
>> > pass
>> >
>> >
>> > class HybridBeta(HybridModel):
>> > pass
>> >
>> >
>> > e = create_engine("sqlite://", echo=False)
>> > Base.metadata.create_all(e)
>> > session = Session(e)
>> >
>> >
>> > session.add(HybridType(name=HybridAlpha.hybrid_type_identity))
>> > session.add(HybridType(name=HybridBeta.hybrid_type_identity))
>> > session.add(HybridAlpha(name='alpha_instance'))
>> > session.add(HybridBeta(name='beta_instance'))
>> >
>> >
>> > print("--- Test query from base hybrid model ---")
>> > assert session.query(HybridModel).count() == 2
>> > print("passed")
>> > print("--- Test query from base derived hybrid model ---")
>> > assert session.query(HybridAlpha).count() == 1
>> > assert session.query(HybridBeta).count() == 1
>> > print("passed")
>> > print("--- Test query order_by on hybrid attribute ---")
>> > assert [
>> > x.hybrid_type_name for x
>> > in session.query(HybridModel).order_by(HybridModel.hybrid_type_name)
>> > ] == [HybridAlpha.hybrid_type_identity, HybridBeta.hybrid_type_identity]
>> > print("passed")
>> > print("--- Test query filter_by on hybrid attribute ---")
>> > assert
>> >
>> > session.query(HybridModel).filter_by(hybrid_type_name=HybridAlpha.hybrid_type_identity).count()
>> > == 1
>> > print("passed")
>> > print("--- Test query filtered on hybrid attribute ---")
>> > assert session.query(HybridModel).filter(HybridAlpha.hybrid_type_name ==
>> > HybridAlpha.hybrid_type_identity).count() == 1
>> > print("passed")
>> >
>> >
>> >
>> > Running this results in the following out put:
>> > $ python demo.py
>> > --- Test query from base hybrid model ---
>> > passed
>> > --- Test query from base derived hybrid model ---
>> > passed
>> > --- Test query order_by on hybrid attribute ---
>> > Traceback (most recent call last):
>> > File "demo.py", line 121, in <module>
>> > in session.query(HybridModel).order_by(HybridModel.hybrid_type_name)
>> > File "<string>", line 2, in order_by
>> > File
>> >
>> > "/Users/tbeck/.virtualenvs/cem/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/base.py",
>> > line 201, in generate
>> > fn(self, *args[1:], **kw)
>> > File
>> >
>> > "/Users/tbeck/.virtualenvs/cem/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/query.py",
>> > line 1589, in order_by
>> > criterion = self._adapt_col_list(criterion)
>> > File
>> >
>> > "/Users/tbeck/.virtualenvs/cem/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/query.py",
>> > line 256, in _adapt_col_list
>> > for o in cols
>> > File
>> >
>> > "/Users/tbeck/.virtualenvs/cem/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/query.py",
>> > line 256, in <listcomp>
>> > for o in cols
>> > File
>> >
>> > "/Users/tbeck/.virtualenvs/cem/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/elements.py",
>> > line 4191, in _literal_as_label_reference
>> > return _literal_as_text(element)
>> > File
>> >
>> > "/Users/tbeck/.virtualenvs/cem/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/elements.py",
>> > line 4230, in _literal_as_text
>> > "instead" % type(element)
>> > sqlalchemy.exc.ArgumentError: SQL expression object or string expected,
>> > got
>> > object of type <class 'sqlalchemy.ext.declarative.api.DeclarativeMeta'>
>> > instead
>> >
>> > --
>> > SQLAlchemy -
>> > The Python SQL Toolkit and Object Relational Mapper
>> >
>> > http://www.sqlalchemy.org/
>> >
>> > To post example code, please provide an MCVE: Minimal, Complete, and
>> > Verifiable Example. See http://stackoverflow.com/help/mcve for a full
>> > description.
>> > ---
>> > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google
>> > Groups
>> > "sqlalchemy" group.
>> > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send
>> > an
>> > email to sqlalchemy+unsubscr...@googlegroups.com.
>> > To post to this group, send email to sqlalchemy@googlegroups.com.
>> > Visit this group at https://groups.google.com/group/sqlalchemy.
>> > For more options, visit https://groups.google.com/d/optout.
>>
>> --
>> SQLAlchemy -
>> The Python SQL Toolkit and Object Relational Mapper
>>
>> http://www.sqlalchemy.org/
>>
>> To post example code, please provide an MCVE: Minimal, Complete, and
>> Verifiable Example. See http://stackoverflow.com/help/mcve for a full
>> description.
>> ---
>> You received this message because you are subscribed to a topic in the
>> Google Groups "sqlalchemy" group.
>> To unsubscribe from this topic, visit
>> https://groups.google.com/d/topic/sqlalchemy/M4b5y_d69u0/unsubscribe.
>> To unsubscribe from this group and all its topics, send an email to
>> sqlalchemy+unsubscr...@googlegroups.com.
>> To post to this group, send email to sqlalchemy@googlegroups.com.
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>
>
>
>
> --
> -=Tucker A. Beck=-
>
> Illustrious Writer
> Devious Coder
> Last Hope for the Free World
> Also, Modest
>
> --
> SQLAlchemy -
> The Python SQL Toolkit and Object Relational Mapper
>
> http://www.sqlalchemy.org/
>
> To post example code, please provide an MCVE: Minimal, Complete, and
> Verifiable Example. See http://stackoverflow.com/help/mcve for a full
> description.
> ---
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--
SQLAlchemy -
The Python SQL Toolkit and Object Relational Mapper
http://www.sqlalchemy.org/
To post example code, please provide an MCVE: Minimal, Complete, and Verifiable
Example. See http://stackoverflow.com/help/mcve for a full description.
---
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