On Mon, Apr 29, 2019 at 1:37 PM Lyla Fischer <lylafi...@gmail.com> wrote: > > Ah. I think that I have been thinking of a session as a cache instead of a > transaction, which is incorrect. (It's similar because you have to worry > about persistence in the face of failures, but not-similar, because you're > not worried about communication with other processes. That is, a commit is > not "expose this data to other cores/machines". A commit is a checkpoint to > rollback to.) I was thinking that adding something to the session was taking > something from a local and putting it into a cache, and then committing it > was taking it from a cache and putting it into the database. Totally wrong > abstraction, sorry.
OK, this is more thinking than I usually do about this on a daily basis and I don't think much about it anymore, but you might want to watch my video at https://www.sqlalchemy.org/library.html#thesqlalchemysessionindepth where I went through an amount of effort I would never have time for these days in order to show what the general idea of it is. Also note the Session concept is mostly from Hibernate, including the API for merge() as well as cascades which I largely copied without deeply considering it beyond the heavy thinking they did up front; the pycon talk I did after several years of learning how the Session was actually supposed to work which itself required that I redesigned half the thing in version 0.5. > > -Lyla > > On Mon, Apr 29, 2019 at 1:04 PM Mike Bayer <mike...@zzzcomputing.com> wrote: >> >> On Mon, Apr 29, 2019 at 12:04 PM Lyla Fischer <lylafi...@gmail.com> wrote: >> > >> > Sorry about the language. I'll try to stick to "intuitive" and >> > "surprising" in the future. >> > >> > I guess that I am familiar enough with the concept that something needs to >> > persist in the database before it can be referenced in the database that I >> > was surprised when an object was already in the database even when I >> > didn't tell it to persist. >> > >> > This is especially true in the case of a one-to-many relationship, where >> > the head of a tassel can exist without any tassel threads. It just >> > happened to be the case that I added a tassel thread and... now it is in >> > the session?? Quoting from a previous email, for easy reference: >> > """ >> > my_head = Head(id="foobar") >> > my_head = db_session.merge(my_head) >> > db_session.commit() >> > >> > my_tassel_thread = TasselThread(head=my_head) >> > >> > "my_tassel_thread" is now in the Session due to the backref cascade, >> > which I think I really might consider defaulting to False at some >> > point. >> > """ >> > >> > What would happen if I were editing an existing TasselThread, instead of >> > adding a new one? Would those changes be persisted as well, even though I >> > didn't tell them to explicitly? >> >> so the idea of "an existing TasselThread" in terms of the ORM means >> you would have accessed it from the database, which means it would >> have a primary key value and already be associated with that Session. >> So you would expect that changes on this object are persisted. If >> you expunged the object so that it became detached, then yes again the >> cascade_backrefs thing gets in the way (or not, depending on how you >> look at it) if you re-associate it with a persistent object. >> >> > >> > I get that you are doing stuff in the backend that involves database >> > persistence in order to make the collection references work, but if it >> > were implemented using only foreign keys, then the head would have no way >> > of accessing it's tassel threads short of doing a table scan for it's own >> > primary key in the foreign key spot. I get that's massively inefficient, >> > and therefore not the way that you are doing things, >> >> if you don't use the backref feature at all, then it actually does >> work that way. you can wait for flushes to happen, then expire >> attributes on things once they are persistent. this way of working >> will expose the persistence mechanics a lot more explicitly and >> inconveniently though. >> >> > but I was thinking of SQL Alchemy relationship as being something that >> > very well could have been implemented without creating new things to >> > persist in the database beyond what is in the bare minimum of common >> > explanations of SQL-level one-to-many relationships, often used in intro >> > classes. >> >> what are the "new things to persist" you are referring towards ? >> Are you referring to the fact that in order to set >> TasselThread.some_foreign_key to a value, you need a Tassel object? >> That is also optional. You can set foreign key values directly as >> well, and there is no issue with that, except that it does not >> automatically refresh the related relationships; you'd need to expire >> them directly or wait until everything is expired on commit. The FAQ >> entry >> https://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/13/faq/sessions.html#i-set-the-foo-id-attribute-on-my-instance-to-7-but-the-foo-attribute-is-still-none-shouldn-t-it-have-loaded-foo-with-id-7 >> discusses this in detail. >> >> There is also a related recipe >> https://github.com/sqlalchemy/sqlalchemy/wiki/ExpireRelationshipOnFKChange >> (the FAQ has an apparently broken link to it) which expands upon the >> "set foreign key attributes" way of working so that the related >> objects *are* automatically refreshed immediately. There is at >> least one major production-level application that uses this recipe, >> which is why it's so complicated because I helped them find every >> possible edge case, however I don't recommend using this recipe >> because it is complicated and works in opposition to the design of the >> ORM. However, a lot of folks find it appealing because they are in >> fact coming from the "SQL-level" view of things to which you refer and >> prefer to stay at that level, yet they still want their relationships >> to load automatically. >> >> >> > Then the relationship just means that I don't have to do a table scan - >> > the object just knows which TasselThreads are its own. That doesn't fit >> > the common university model of the way foreign key only one-to-many >> > relationships work, but I didn't think about it too hard. I was just >> > thinking that "yes, of course you need to persist the head before >> > persisting a tassel thread, because the tassel thread needs the id for its >> > foreign key", while the reverse didn't occur to me. >> > >> > -Lyla >> > >> > On Mon, Apr 29, 2019 at 11:14 AM Mike Bayer <mike...@zzzcomputing.com> >> > wrote: >> >> >> >> On Mon, Apr 29, 2019 at 7:22 AM Lyla Fischer <lylafi...@gmail.com> wrote: >> >> > >> >> > If I can comment on what seems instinctive to someone who just recently >> >> > read the documentation, and made assumptions based off of it: My >> >> > understanding was that the relationship abstractions were supposed to >> >> > be about making foreign keys easier to keep track of, and being able to >> >> > go both ways on a relationship in a object-oriented way. The fact that >> >> > there were any implications at all for persistence was surprising to >> >> > me, and it took me a significant amount of time to understand that SQL >> >> > Alchemy was trying to do some magic behind the scenes when it came to >> >> > persistence. I support the idea of making cascade_backrefs=False by >> >> > default, because it keeps the separate objects separate, it makes me >> >> > less nervous about eventual performance (which is a constant concern >> >> > when there is magic I didn't intend happening in a library), and it's >> >> > basically just working the way that I expected things to work >> >> > initially. I'm fine with dealing with errors that might come about from >> >> > the implications of updating of objects independently. It seems like >> >> > part of the responsibilities of dealing with persistence, ever. >> >> >> >> I'm trying to gather the rationale that you are referring towards in >> >> your comment, however I'm not able to work with the reason "magic I >> >> didn't intend", because that reason doesn't actually say anything. >> >> Of course every issue is about telling a library what your intent is, >> >> and the library fulfullling that intent or not. But to refer to the >> >> intents that you didn't expect as "magic" and the intents that you >> >> *did* expect as "not magic", I guess the latter is implicit, only >> >> illustrates how much the library is doing completely correctly such >> >> that you aren't noticing it. >> >> >> >> The thing that relationship() does is coordinating Python objects that >> >> are linked together in terms of a foreign key relationship in a >> >> database. Then there is the backref concept, which expands on the >> >> relationship concept, to more fully emulate the behavior of relational >> >> database foreign keys with Python objects. When working completely >> >> normally, SQLAlchemy produces Python object behavior as follows: >> >> >> >> object_a = ObjectA() >> >> object_b = ObjectB() >> >> object_a.some_collection.append(object_b) >> >> assert object_b.parent is object_a >> >> >> >> Someone working only with Python objects would probably call most of >> >> the above interaction as "magic", that ObjectA has a collection >> >> automatically instantiated on that (this incidentally is also going to >> >> be scaled back in SQLAlchemy 2.0) and that when I append an object to >> >> this collection, the object now has a ".parent" that refers back to >> >> that original object. The reason it has to do that in SQLAlchemy is >> >> because we are emulating a relational database foreign key >> >> relationship, where containment on one side implies association in the >> >> other direction. >> >> >> >> Where SQLAlchemy works hard to acknowledge that the above behaviors >> >> are not normal for Python (that is, are reasonably perceived as >> >> "magic"), is that the user explicitly configures attributes named >> >> "some_collection" and "parent" on their classes, an they even have to >> >> point them together at each other, and that the foreign key and >> >> primary key columns that are involved in the persistence for the above >> >> are also explicitly configured. This is to reduce the amount of >> >> assumptions and implicit decisions SQLAlchemy has to make thereby >> >> reducing the possibility of surprise. >> >> >> >> Now to the issue of casade_backrefs. This flag is in a tough spot, >> >> because either way, it leads to a situation that can be non-intutive >> >> (that is, surprising). Let's assume above we've turned it off, and >> >> we do this: >> >> >> >> object_a = ObjectA() >> >> object_b = ObjectB() >> >> session.add(object_b) >> >> object_a.some_collection.append(object_b) >> >> assert object_b.parent is object_a >> >> >> >> What happens above when we persist object_b by calling >> >> session.commit()? In fact the operation will fail, either silently >> >> if the foreign key column is nullable, or explicitly if the column is >> >> not nullable, because object_a will *not* be persisted and the foreign >> >> key constraint on object_b cannot be satisfied. >> >> >> >> The reason we get into this issue in the first place is that >> >> SQLAlchemy also has an explicit concept of a Session, e.g. a database >> >> transaction, where objects must be explicitly associated with that >> >> transaction, and that this Session uses a unit of work pattern, which >> >> is exactly the thing here that reduces the exposure to "persistence >> >> implications" that you refer towards. If we were working like other >> >> ORMs, we'd just say "object_b.save()", where it likely would raise a >> >> constraint error because we didn't call "object_a.save()" first, which >> >> in SQLAlchemy's view is a significant persistence detail that is >> >> needlessly exposed. SQLAlchemy's very first version in fact >> >> didn't have a Session, and all of object_a/ object_b would be >> >> automatically associated with an implicit database connection, very >> >> much the way active record .save() style ORMs work. That was also >> >> too magical. >> >> >> >> So the "cascade_backrefs" flag is kind of a "seam" in an otherwise >> >> smooth surface. I would not characterize it as any more "magical" >> >> than anything else, and instead the discussion should be about which >> >> use case is less surprising. >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> > >> >> > </my two cents> >> >> > >> >> > -Lyla >> >> > >> >> > On Sun, Apr 28, 2019 at 10:54 PM James Fennell >> >> > <jamespfenn...@gmail.com> wrote: >> >> >> >> >> >> Thanks for the explanation Mike! Seeing it now, I actually think >> >> >> there’s a decent reason to want the current backerefs: >> >> >> >> >> >> My understanding is that with session.merge in SQL Alchemy it’s >> >> >> possible to draw a very clean line between entities that are persisted >> >> >> (or about to be persisted on the next flush) and entities which will >> >> >> never be persisted. This is owing to the design choice whereby SQL >> >> >> Alchemy doesn’t persist the entity you pass into the merge; instead, >> >> >> that is kept alone and a new entity is created. >> >> >> >> >> >> With this in mind, there are two ways to see Lyla’s example. >> >> >> >> >> >> One way: as soon as the tassel_thread was related to the persisted >> >> >> my_head (persisted because of the line my_head=session.merge(my_head)) >> >> >> then tassel_thread should be seen as in the session already. In this >> >> >> view, the merge is necessary and possibly error-prone, as here. >> >> >> >> >> >> Another way: instead of assigning my_head=session.merge(my_head), keep >> >> >> the unpersisted head around with say persisted_head = >> >> >> session.merge(my_head). Then relating the new tassel_thread to my_head >> >> >> won’t add it to the session. To get a record into the DB, then do a >> >> >> session.merge on it - everything works correctly this way. >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> In both cases, there is the idea of a persisted object graph and a >> >> >> distinct unpersisted object graph. Once you relate a new entity to >> >> >> something in the persisted object graph, it becomes persistent. >> >> >> >> >> >> -- >> >> >> SQLAlchemy - >> >> >> The Python SQL Toolkit and Object Relational Mapper >> >> >> >> >> >> http://www.sqlalchemy.org/ >> >> >> >> >> >> To post example code, please provide an MCVE: Minimal, Complete, and >> >> >> Verifiable Example. See http://stackoverflow.com/help/mcve for a >> >> >> full description. >> >> >> --- >> >> >> You received this message because you are subscribed to a topic in the >> >> >> Google Groups "sqlalchemy" group. >> >> >> To unsubscribe from this topic, visit >> >> >> https://groups.google.com/d/topic/sqlalchemy/oVVdbCzsNQg/unsubscribe. >> >> >> To unsubscribe from this group and all its topics, send an email to >> >> >> sqlalchemy+unsubscr...@googlegroups.com. >> >> >> To post to this group, send email to sqlalchemy@googlegroups.com. >> >> >> Visit this group at https://groups.google.com/group/sqlalchemy. >> >> >> For more options, visit https://groups.google.com/d/optout. >> >> > >> >> > -- >> >> > SQLAlchemy - >> >> > The Python SQL Toolkit and Object Relational Mapper >> >> > >> >> > http://www.sqlalchemy.org/ >> >> > >> >> > To post example code, please provide an MCVE: Minimal, Complete, and >> >> > Verifiable Example. See http://stackoverflow.com/help/mcve for a full >> >> > description. >> >> > --- >> >> > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google >> >> > Groups "sqlalchemy" group. >> >> > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send >> >> > an email to sqlalchemy+unsubscr...@googlegroups.com. >> >> > To post to this group, send email to sqlalchemy@googlegroups.com. >> >> > Visit this group at https://groups.google.com/group/sqlalchemy. >> >> > For more options, visit https://groups.google.com/d/optout. >> >> >> >> -- >> >> SQLAlchemy - >> >> The Python SQL Toolkit and Object Relational Mapper >> >> >> >> http://www.sqlalchemy.org/ >> >> >> >> To post example code, please provide an MCVE: Minimal, Complete, and >> >> Verifiable Example. See http://stackoverflow.com/help/mcve for a full >> >> description. >> >> --- >> >> You received this message because you are subscribed to a topic in the >> >> Google Groups "sqlalchemy" group. >> >> To unsubscribe from this topic, visit >> >> https://groups.google.com/d/topic/sqlalchemy/oVVdbCzsNQg/unsubscribe. >> >> To unsubscribe from this group and all its topics, send an email to >> >> sqlalchemy+unsubscr...@googlegroups.com. >> >> To post to this group, send email to sqlalchemy@googlegroups.com. >> >> Visit this group at https://groups.google.com/group/sqlalchemy. >> >> For more options, visit https://groups.google.com/d/optout. >> > >> > -- >> > SQLAlchemy - >> > The Python SQL Toolkit and Object Relational Mapper >> > >> > http://www.sqlalchemy.org/ >> > >> > To post example code, please provide an MCVE: Minimal, Complete, and >> > Verifiable Example. See http://stackoverflow.com/help/mcve for a full >> > description. >> > --- >> > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups >> > "sqlalchemy" group. >> > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an >> > email to sqlalchemy+unsubscr...@googlegroups.com. >> > To post to this group, send email to sqlalchemy@googlegroups.com. >> > Visit this group at https://groups.google.com/group/sqlalchemy. >> > For more options, visit https://groups.google.com/d/optout. >> >> -- >> SQLAlchemy - >> The Python SQL Toolkit and Object Relational Mapper >> >> http://www.sqlalchemy.org/ >> >> To post example code, please provide an MCVE: Minimal, Complete, and >> Verifiable Example. See http://stackoverflow.com/help/mcve for a full >> description. >> --- >> You received this message because you are subscribed to a topic in the >> Google Groups "sqlalchemy" group. >> To unsubscribe from this topic, visit >> https://groups.google.com/d/topic/sqlalchemy/oVVdbCzsNQg/unsubscribe. >> To unsubscribe from this group and all its topics, send an email to >> sqlalchemy+unsubscr...@googlegroups.com. >> To post to this group, send email to sqlalchemy@googlegroups.com. >> Visit this group at https://groups.google.com/group/sqlalchemy. >> For more options, visit https://groups.google.com/d/optout. > > -- > SQLAlchemy - > The Python SQL Toolkit and Object Relational Mapper > > http://www.sqlalchemy.org/ > > To post example code, please provide an MCVE: Minimal, Complete, and > Verifiable Example. See http://stackoverflow.com/help/mcve for a full > description. > --- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "sqlalchemy" group. > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an > email to sqlalchemy+unsubscr...@googlegroups.com. > To post to this group, send email to sqlalchemy@googlegroups.com. > Visit this group at https://groups.google.com/group/sqlalchemy. > For more options, visit https://groups.google.com/d/optout. -- SQLAlchemy - The Python SQL Toolkit and Object Relational Mapper http://www.sqlalchemy.org/ To post example code, please provide an MCVE: Minimal, Complete, and Verifiable Example. See http://stackoverflow.com/help/mcve for a full description. --- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "sqlalchemy" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to sqlalchemy+unsubscr...@googlegroups.com. 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