also try the pymysql DBAPI if that changes things, if this is mariadb try
mariadb-connector also.
On Tue, Aug 23, 2022, at 12:04 PM, Mike Bayer wrote:
> it happens every time the program is run? there's nothing really going on
> in the program here, if I take out the initializer, then the program produces
> lots of stack traces as expected, but even then not the "server has gone
> away" error.
>
> can you try running on a different MySQL /MariaDB server ? like run a clean
> database in a container. What server version ?
>
> On Tue, Aug 23, 2022, at 11:22 AM, Geert Jan Talens wrote:
>> Hello Mike,
>>
>> Thank you for your reply. The traceback of the issue is below. I'm using
>> sqlalchemy 1.4.40 and MySQLdb 2.1.1, the problem does not occur when using
>> sqlite for the database instead.
>>
>> Regards,
>> Geert Jan
>>
>> Traceback (most recent call last):
>> File
>> "/home/talens/anaconda3/envs/hatpi/lib/python3.9/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py",
>> line 1900, in _execute_context
>> self.dialect.do_execute(
>> File
>> "/home/talens/anaconda3/envs/hatpi/lib/python3.9/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/default.py",
>> line 732, in do_execute
>> cursor.execute(statement, parameters)
>> File
>> "/home/talens/anaconda3/envs/hatpi/lib/python3.9/site-packages/MySQLdb/cursors.py",
>> line 206, in execute
>> res = self._query(query)
>> File
>> "/home/talens/anaconda3/envs/hatpi/lib/python3.9/site-packages/MySQLdb/cursors.py",
>> line 319, in _query
>> db.query(q)
>> File
>> "/home/talens/anaconda3/envs/hatpi/lib/python3.9/site-packages/MySQLdb/connections.py",
>> line 259, in query
>> _mysql.connection.query(self, query)
>> MySQLdb._exceptions.OperationalError: (2006, 'MySQL server has gone away')
>>
>> The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
>>
>> Traceback (most recent call last):
>> File
>> "/home/talens/Research/HATPI/Projects/testing/testing/database_mp.py", line
>> 84, in <module>
>> main()
>> File
>> "/home/talens/Research/HATPI/Projects/testing/testing/database_mp.py", line
>> 78, in main
>> database_action(20) # Fails if line 1 is insert_integer.
>> File
>> "/home/talens/Research/HATPI/Projects/testing/testing/database_mp.py", line
>> 44, in database_action
>> result = query_integer(integer)
>> File
>> "/home/talens/Research/HATPI/Projects/testing/testing/database_mp.py", line
>> 37, in query_integer
>> result = session.execute(statement).scalar_one_or_none()
>> File
>> "/home/talens/anaconda3/envs/hatpi/lib/python3.9/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/session.py",
>> line 1712, in execute
>> result = conn._execute_20(statement, params or {}, execution_options)
>> File
>> "/home/talens/anaconda3/envs/hatpi/lib/python3.9/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py",
>> line 1705, in _execute_20
>> return meth(self, args_10style, kwargs_10style, execution_options)
>> File
>> "/home/talens/anaconda3/envs/hatpi/lib/python3.9/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/elements.py",
>> line 333, in _execute_on_connection
>> return connection._execute_clauseelement(
>> File
>> "/home/talens/anaconda3/envs/hatpi/lib/python3.9/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py",
>> line 1572, in _execute_clauseelement
>> ret = self._execute_context(
>> File
>> "/home/talens/anaconda3/envs/hatpi/lib/python3.9/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py",
>> line 1943, in _execute_context
>> self._handle_dbapi_exception(
>> File
>> "/home/talens/anaconda3/envs/hatpi/lib/python3.9/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py",
>> line 2124, in _handle_dbapi_exception
>> util.raise_(
>> File
>> "/home/talens/anaconda3/envs/hatpi/lib/python3.9/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/compat.py",
>> line 208, in raise_
>> raise exception
>> File
>> "/home/talens/anaconda3/envs/hatpi/lib/python3.9/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py",
>> line 1900, in _execute_context
>> self.dialect.do_execute(
>> File
>> "/home/talens/anaconda3/envs/hatpi/lib/python3.9/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/default.py",
>> line 732, in do_execute
>> cursor.execute(statement, parameters)
>> File
>> "/home/talens/anaconda3/envs/hatpi/lib/python3.9/site-packages/MySQLdb/cursors.py",
>> line 206, in execute
>> res = self._query(query)
>> File
>> "/home/talens/anaconda3/envs/hatpi/lib/python3.9/site-packages/MySQLdb/cursors.py",
>> line 319, in _query
>> db.query(q)
>> File
>> "/home/talens/anaconda3/envs/hatpi/lib/python3.9/site-packages/MySQLdb/connections.py",
>> line 259, in query
>> _mysql.connection.query(self, query)
>> sqlalchemy.exc.OperationalError: (MySQLdb._exceptions.OperationalError)
>> (2006, 'MySQL server has gone away')
>> [SQL: SELECT mytable.id
>> FROM mytable
>> WHERE mytable.id = %s]
>> [parameters: (20,)]
>> (Background on this error at: https://sqlalche.me/e/14/e3q8)
>>
>> On Monday, 22 August 2022 at 19:19:15 UTC-4 Mike Bayer wrote:
>>> __
>>> your program runs completely (thanks), and I can't reproduce any problem.
>>> changed line 1 as written to:
>>>
>>> # Line 1.
>>> # If nothing happens on line 1, line 3 fails.
>>> insert_integer(0) # If I do this (insert-only) line 3 fails.
>>> #database_action(0) # If I do this (query, insert) line 3 works.
>>>
>>>
>>> and no issue. output is below. Send along a stack trace for more hints.
>>>
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,322 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine SELECT DATABASE()
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,322 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine [raw sql] ()
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,322 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine SELECT @@sql_mode
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,322 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine [raw sql] ()
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,323 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine SELECT
>>> @@lower_case_table_names
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,323 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine [raw sql] ()
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,323 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine BEGIN (implicit)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,324 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine SELECT COUNT(*) FROM
>>> information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema = %s AND table_name = %s
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,324 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine [generated in
>>> 0.00016s] ('test', 'mytable')
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,325 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine
>>> DROP TABLE mytable
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,325 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine [no key 0.00012s] ()
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,330 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine COMMIT
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,330 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine BEGIN (implicit)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,331 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine SELECT COUNT(*) FROM
>>> information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema = %s AND table_name = %s
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,331 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine [cached since
>>> 0.006941s ago] ('test', 'mytable')
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,332 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine
>>> CREATE TABLE mytable (
>>> id INTEGER NOT NULL,
>>> PRIMARY KEY (id)
>>> )
>>>
>>>
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,333 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine [no key 0.00140s] ()
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,342 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine COMMIT
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,344 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine BEGIN (implicit)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,345 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine INSERT INTO mytable
>>> (id) VALUES (%s)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,345 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine [generated in
>>> 0.00021s] (0,)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,346 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine COMMIT
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,362 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine BEGIN (implicit)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,362 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine BEGIN (implicit)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,365 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine SELECT mytable.id
>>> FROM mytable
>>> WHERE mytable.id = %s
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,365 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine SELECT mytable.id
>>> FROM mytable
>>> WHERE mytable.id = %s
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,365 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine [generated in
>>> 0.00024s] (1,)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,365 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine [generated in
>>> 0.00024s] (3,)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,366 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine ROLLBACK
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,366 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine ROLLBACK
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,367 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine BEGIN (implicit)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,367 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine BEGIN (implicit)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,367 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine INSERT INTO mytable
>>> (id) VALUES (%s)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,367 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine [cached since 0.0218s
>>> ago] (3,)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,367 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine INSERT INTO mytable
>>> (id) VALUES (%s)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,367 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine [cached since
>>> 0.02189s ago] (1,)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,367 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine COMMIT
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,367 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine COMMIT
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,368 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine BEGIN (implicit)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,369 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine SELECT mytable.id
>>> FROM mytable
>>> WHERE mytable.id = %s
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,369 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine [cached since
>>> 0.003665s ago] (4,)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,369 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine BEGIN (implicit)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,369 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine SELECT mytable.id
>>> FROM mytable
>>> WHERE mytable.id = %s
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,370 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine [cached since
>>> 0.004593s ago] (2,)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,370 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine ROLLBACK
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,370 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine ROLLBACK
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,370 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine BEGIN (implicit)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,370 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine BEGIN (implicit)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,370 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine INSERT INTO mytable
>>> (id) VALUES (%s)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,370 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine [cached since 0.0254s
>>> ago] (4,)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,371 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine INSERT INTO mytable
>>> (id) VALUES (%s)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,371 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine [cached since
>>> 0.02555s ago] (2,)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,371 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine COMMIT
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,371 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine COMMIT
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,372 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine BEGIN (implicit)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,372 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine SELECT mytable.id
>>> FROM mytable
>>> WHERE mytable.id = %s
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,372 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine [cached since
>>> 0.007373s ago] (5,)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,373 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine ROLLBACK
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,373 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine BEGIN (implicit)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,373 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine BEGIN (implicit)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,373 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine SELECT mytable.id
>>> FROM mytable
>>> WHERE mytable.id = %s
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,373 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine [cached since
>>> 0.008211s ago] (7,)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,373 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine INSERT INTO mytable
>>> (id) VALUES (%s)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,373 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine [cached since
>>> 0.02819s ago] (5,)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,374 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine ROLLBACK
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,374 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine COMMIT
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,374 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine BEGIN (implicit)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,374 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine INSERT INTO mytable
>>> (id) VALUES (%s)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,374 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine [cached since 0.0291s
>>> ago] (7,)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,375 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine COMMIT
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,375 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine BEGIN (implicit)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,375 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine SELECT mytable.id
>>> FROM mytable
>>> WHERE mytable.id = %s
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,375 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine [cached since
>>> 0.01013s ago] (6,)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,375 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine ROLLBACK
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,376 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine BEGIN (implicit)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,376 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine BEGIN (implicit)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,376 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine INSERT INTO mytable
>>> (id) VALUES (%s)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,376 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine [cached since
>>> 0.03086s ago] (6,)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,376 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine SELECT mytable.id
>>> FROM mytable
>>> WHERE mytable.id = %s
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,376 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine [cached since
>>> 0.01102s ago] (8,)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,376 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine COMMIT
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,377 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine ROLLBACK
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,377 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine BEGIN (implicit)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,377 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine INSERT INTO mytable
>>> (id) VALUES (%s)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,377 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine [cached since
>>> 0.03192s ago] (8,)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,377 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine COMMIT
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,378 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine BEGIN (implicit)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,378 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine SELECT mytable.id
>>> FROM mytable
>>> WHERE mytable.id = %s
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,378 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine [cached since
>>> 0.01299s ago] (9,)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,378 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine ROLLBACK
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,379 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine BEGIN (implicit)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,379 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine INSERT INTO mytable
>>> (id) VALUES (%s)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,379 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine [cached since
>>> 0.03381s ago] (9,)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,379 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine COMMIT
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,381 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine BEGIN (implicit)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,381 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine SELECT mytable.id
>>> FROM mytable
>>> WHERE mytable.id = %s
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,381 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine [cached since
>>> 0.01605s ago] (10,)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,381 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine ROLLBACK
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,382 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine BEGIN (implicit)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,382 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine INSERT INTO mytable
>>> (id) VALUES (%s)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,382 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine [cached since
>>> 0.03694s ago] (10,)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,383 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine COMMIT
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,387 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine BEGIN (implicit)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,388 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine SELECT mytable.id
>>> FROM mytable
>>> WHERE mytable.id = %s
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,388 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine [generated in
>>> 0.00011s] (20,)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,389 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine ROLLBACK
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,389 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine BEGIN (implicit)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,389 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine INSERT INTO mytable
>>> (id) VALUES (%s)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,389 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine [cached since
>>> 0.04428s ago] (20,)
>>> 2022-08-22 19:16:02,390 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine COMMIT
>>>
>>>
>>> On Mon, Aug 22, 2022, at 4:21 PM, Geert Jan Talens wrote:
>>>> Hi,
>>>>
>>>> I am trying to perform some database actions after multiprocessing some
>>>> database manipulations but in most cases I get:
>>>> sqlalchemy.exc.OperationalError: (MySQLdb._exceptions.OperationalError)
>>>> (2006, 'MySQL server has gone away')
>>>>
>>>> The code below is a working example of the problem I'm having, where the
>>>> success of line 3 (in main) for some reason depends on what happens on
>>>> line 1.
>>>>
>>>> Any help would be appreciated!
>>>>
>>>> Regards,
>>>> Geert Jan
>>>>
>>>> from sqlalchemy import create_engine, select
>>>> from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer
>>>> from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_base, sessionmaker
>>>>
>>>> import multiprocessing as mp
>>>> import numpy as np
>>>>
>>>> Base = declarative_base()
>>>> Session = sessionmaker()
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> class MyTable(Base):
>>>> """This table lists all observed frames."""
>>>>
>>>> __tablename__ = 'mytable'
>>>>
>>>> # Columns in the table.
>>>> id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False)
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> def insert_integer(integer):
>>>>
>>>> with Session() as session:
>>>>
>>>> record = MyTable(id=int(integer))
>>>> session.add(record)
>>>> session.commit()
>>>>
>>>> return
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> def query_integer(integer):
>>>>
>>>> with Session() as session:
>>>>
>>>> statement = select(MyTable).where(MyTable.id == int(integer))
>>>> result = session.execute(statement).scalar_one_or_none()
>>>>
>>>> return result
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> def database_action(integer):
>>>>
>>>> result = query_integer(integer)
>>>> if result is None:
>>>> insert_integer(integer)
>>>> else:
>>>> print("integer already in database.")
>>>>
>>>> return
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> def initializer(engine):
>>>> # Doesn't matter if I use on or the other.
>>>> engine.dispose(close=False)
>>>> # engine.pool = engine.pool.recreate()
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> def main():
>>>>
>>>> # Database setup.
>>>> engine = create_engine("mysql+mysqldb://user:pass...@127.0.0.1/testdb
>>>> <http://user:password@127.0.0.1/testdb>")
>>>> Session.configure(bind=engine)
>>>> Base.metadata.drop_all(bind=engine)
>>>> Base.metadata.create_all(bind=engine)
>>>>
>>>> # Line 1.
>>>> # If nothing happens on line 1, line 3 fails.
>>>> # insert_integer(0) # If I do this (insert-only) line 3 fails.
>>>> database_action(0) # If I do this (query, insert) line 3 works.
>>>>
>>>> # Line 2.
>>>> with mp.Pool(2, initializer, (engine,)) as pool:
>>>> pool.map(database_action, np.arange(1, 11))
>>>>
>>>> # Line 3.
>>>> database_action(20) # Fails if line 1 is insert_integer.
>>>>
>>>> return
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> if __name__ == '__main__':
>>>> main()
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> --
>>>> SQLAlchemy -
>>>> The Python SQL Toolkit and Object Relational Mapper
>>>>
>>>> http://www.sqlalchemy.org/
>>>>
>>>> To post example code, please provide an MCVE: Minimal, Complete, and
>>>> Verifiable Example. See http://stackoverflow.com/help/mcve for a full
>>>> description.
>>>> ---
>>>> You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups
>>>> "sqlalchemy" group.
>>>> To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an
>>>> email to sqlalchemy+...@googlegroups.com.
>>>> To view this discussion on the web visit
>>>> https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/sqlalchemy/5597b069-3725-44de-88c4-4964d95d84cen%40googlegroups.com
>>>>
>>>> <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/sqlalchemy/5597b069-3725-44de-88c4-4964d95d84cen%40googlegroups.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer>.
>>>
>>
>>
>> --
>> SQLAlchemy -
>> The Python SQL Toolkit and Object Relational Mapper
>>
>> http://www.sqlalchemy.org/
>>
>> To post example code, please provide an MCVE: Minimal, Complete, and
>> Verifiable Example. See http://stackoverflow.com/help/mcve for a full
>> description.
>> ---
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>>
>> <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/sqlalchemy/fb678c9d-4a54-4436-a86e-be81d764af8bn%40googlegroups.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer>.
>
--
SQLAlchemy -
The Python SQL Toolkit and Object Relational Mapper
http://www.sqlalchemy.org/
To post example code, please provide an MCVE: Minimal, Complete, and Verifiable
Example. See http://stackoverflow.com/help/mcve for a full description.
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