Forwarded message: > Date: Wed, 22 Apr 1998 23:17:45 -0500 > Reply-To: History of Astronomy Discussion Group <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> > From: "David J. Ross" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> > Subject: Re: Orthodox Easter > To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] > > Ok, one last comment, this address for a concise FAQ document, with links, on > the > matter of the date's calculation and some history. Hope I've not been a > pest.... > > DR > > www.landfield.com/faqs/astronomy/faq/part3/section-11.html
Again the test for those who do not have access: When is Easter? John Harper <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> The "popular" rule (for Roman Catholics and most Protestant denominations) is that Easter is on the first Sunday after the first full moon after the March equinox. The actual rule is similar, except that the astronomical equinox is not used; the date is fixed at March 21. And the astronomical full moon is not used; an "ecclesiastical" new moon is determined by adopted tables based on the Metonic cycle, and "full" is taken as the 14th day of that lunation. There are auxiliary rules that make March 22 the earliest possible date for Easter and April 25 the latest. The intent of these rules is that the date will be incontrovertibly fixed and determinable indefinitely in advance. In addition it is independent of longitude or time zones. The popular rule works surprisingly well. When the two rules give different dates, that occurs in only part of the world because two dates separated by the international date line are simultaneously in progress. The Eastern Churches (most Orthodox and some others, e.g., Uniate Churches in Palestine) use the same system, but based on the old (Julian) calendar. In that calendar, Easter Day is also between March 22 and April 25, but in the western (Gregorian) calendar those days are at present April 3 and May 8. Whenever the Gregorian calendar skips a leap year, those dates advance one day. Some Eastern Churches find both movable feasts like Easter and fixed ones like Christmas with the Julian calendar; some use the Julian for movable and the Gregorian for fixed feasts; and the Finnish Orthodox use the Gregorian for all purposes. To explain the Eastern system one must begin with the Jews in Alexandria at the time of the Christian Council of Nicaea in 325, who appear to have been celebrating Passover on the first "full moon" after March 21, as specified by the 19-year Metonic cycle and the Julian calendar (with its leap year every 4 years, end of century or not). The Bishop of Alexandria was made responsible for the Christian calendar; he specified that Easter be the Sunday after that Passover. Eastern Christians still say that Easter must follow Passover, but that Passover is the one that is meant, not the Passover defined by the present Jewish calendar. Subsequently the Jews reformed their calendar (in 358 or in the early 6th century according to different sources; possibly at different times in different places), in order to improve the fit between astronomy and their arithmetic, but the Christians did not follow suit. In 1996, for example, Passover was on April 4 but the Orthodox Easter was on Sunday April 14, not April 7 (which as it happens was the Western Easter.) The Eastern Easter is 0, 1, 4, or 5 weeks after the Western Easter. The Western Easter can precede the (modern) Jewish Passover, as in 1967, 1970, 1978, 1986, 1989 and 1997, and can even coincide with it, as in 1981. Much of this information was taken from the Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris, page 420, 1974 reprint of the 1961 edition. There is more in the Explanatory Supplement, specifically a series of tables that can be used to determine the Easter date for both the Julian (Eastern and pre-1582 Western) and Gregorian calendars. However, the Explanatory Supplement is misleading on the subject of the Eastern Easters, though its tables are correct. Jean Meeus has published a program to compute Easter in "Astronomical Algorithms," also see below. Simon Kershaw has written one in C, available at <URL:http://www.ely.anglican.org/cgi-bin/easter>. The most easily available published source for what the Jews and Christians were doing in ancient Alexandria appears to be Otto Neugebauer's "Ethiopic Easter Computus" in his _Astronomy and History Selected Essays_, Springer, New York, 1983, pp. 523--538. John Harper acknowledges the help of Archimandrite Kyril Jenner, Simon Kershaw, and Dr. Brian Stewart concerning Eastern Easters.