hi??there?? Thank you very much on producing 3D audio in stereo. some suggests me to using binaural or Ambisonics signal for industrial stereo applications, which , however, make a crosstalk cancellation system into this DSP so that listeners could get the right position information when playback binaural or Ambisonics signal from conventional stereo speakers. Thus sounds a good idea, indeed. Besides these method, are there any other straighter ways to produce spatial sound in stereo ? i.e, by stereo mixing/ recording techniques.
Thank you very much! YL ------------------ Original ------------------ From: "sursound-request";<sursound-requ...@music.vt.edu>; Date: Wed, Jun 11, 2014 00:00 AM To: "sursound"<sursound@music.vt.edu>; Subject: Sursound Digest, Vol 71, Issue 8 Send Sursound mailing list submissions to sursound@music.vt.edu To subscribe or unsubscribe via the World Wide Web, visit https://mail.music.vt.edu/mailman/listinfo/sursound or, via email, send a message with subject or body 'help' to sursound-requ...@music.vt.edu You can reach the person managing the list at sursound-ow...@music.vt.edu When replying, please edit your Subject line so it is more specific than "Re: Contents of Sursound digest..." You are receiving the digest so when replying, please remember to edit your Subject line to that of the original message you are replying to, so it is more specific than "Re: Contents of Sirsound-list digest " the subject should match the post you are replying to. Also, please EDIT the quoted post so that it is not the entire digest, but just the post you are replying to - this will keep the archive useful and not polluted with extraneous posts. Today's Topics: 1. Re: HELP: Any methods on producing 3D audio in stereo? (Joseph Anderson) 2. Re: Advice on Setting up a Listening Room (Curtis Alcock) 3. Re: Advice on Setting up a Listening Room (Michael Chapman) 4. Re: Advice on Setting up a Listening Room (Fons Adriaensen) 5. Re: Advice on Setting up a Listening Room (Curtis Alcock) 6. Re: Advice on Setting up a Listening Room (Fons Adriaensen) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Message: 1 Date: Mon, 9 Jun 2014 10:30:40 -0700 From: Joseph Anderson <j.ander...@ambisonictoolkit.net> To: Surround Sound discussion group <sursound@music.vt.edu> Subject: Re: [Sursound] HELP: Any methods on producing 3D audio in stereo? Message-ID: <75471496-86d8-4488-8f5a-a2e35c9e9...@ambisonictoolkit.net> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="gb18030" Hello YL, For a straightforward "off the shelf" solution suitable for industrial applications, I'd suggest the Blue Ripple TOA suite: http://www.blueripplesound.com/product-listings/pro-audio IMV, at the moment Reaper is the most usable DAW for working with Ambisonics: http://www.reaper.fm/ Hope this helps! My kind regards, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Joseph Anderson j.ander...@ambisonictoolkit.net http://www.ambisonictoolkit.net ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ On 9 Jun 2014, at 1:05 am, ?? <951343...@qq.com> wrote: > Hi, there, > I'm radio program producer and recently my boss asked me to think about how > to produce 3D audio in stereo. I understand thus sounds ridiculous and can't > be make out . But what i'm thinking is any way to make the audio work having > clearly distance information and direction information? I tried to turning > Ambisonics audio into binarual audio which have some feelings like that. > However, I can not make it all the time when it comes to business production. > Do you have any good methods? By recording?editing in DAW or by max patch, > etc. > > Thank you very much! > YL > -------------- next part -------------- > An HTML attachment was scrubbed... > URL: > <https://mail.music.vt.edu/mailman/private/sursound/attachments/20140609/1f7214d9/attachment.html> > _______________________________________________ > Sursound mailing list > Sursound@music.vt.edu > https://mail.music.vt.edu/mailman/listinfo/sursound - unsubscribe here, edit > account, view archive -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: <https://mail.music.vt.edu/mailman/private/sursound/attachments/20140609/86779ca6/attachment.html> ------------------------------ Message: 2 Date: Tue, 10 Jun 2014 07:40:14 +0100 From: Curtis Alcock <curtis.alc...@tiscali.co.uk> To: Surround Sound discussion group <sursound@music.vt.edu> Subject: Re: [Sursound] Advice on Setting up a Listening Room Message-ID: <727617d5-0b30-427c-8514-a179a5b92...@tiscali.co.uk> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8 Thank you Michael and Richard. It's now beginning to make more practical sense to me! 1. Just out of interest, when you "upsample" to Third Order Ambisonics, does that mean simulating the missing information? Is it possible to record directly in TOA? 2. Richard, you mention using the TOA Harpex VST plugin to create full 3D 16 channel TOA. Excuse my ignorance, but does 16 channels equate to 16 speakers? And does this equate to 16 different speaker positions? (e.g. placed on the surfaces of a dodecahedron, but not on the nodes). 3. Do I require Jack if I am using a Blue Ripple Sound filter? 4. Are AmbDec and Rapture 3D Advanced equivalent? 5. Do the speakers feed directly into the Motu Traveler (or equivalent)? In other words, if I hypothetically wanted to use 16 speakers (as in question 2), would I need something capable of having more speakers attached? Thanks for clarifying things for me. PS Michael, thank you for your suggestion about getting in touch with Eric. I will look up his posts later today. On 9 Jun 2014, at 12:15, Richard Furse <rich...@muse440.com> wrote: >> -----Original Message----- >> From: Sursound [mailto:sursound-boun...@music.vt.edu] On Behalf Of >> Michael Chapman >> Sent: 08 June 2014 15:58 >> To: Surround Sound discussion group >> Subject: Re: [Sursound] Advice on Setting up a Listening Room >> >> [...] >>> 4. I don't know whether I need to consider placing speakers above (and >>> below) the horizontal plane for the purposes I described above. It would >>> obviously be more realistic, but noticeably so? If so, how many? >> If you want 3-D you will have to. >> >> Minimum for first order is 8 in a cube. >> First order may not be precise enough for you. >> On the other hand with a TetraMic you will only get first order. >> However you can massage first order to higher order (?Harpex ... but IIRC >> only horizontal). > > There's now also the "TOA Harpex" VST plugin, which upsamples from first > order B-Format to full 3D 16-channel TOA. > >>> 7. I was planning on recording listening situations using a TetraMic. From >>> what I understand, I would use something like a Motu 4Pre to get the >> sound >>> into a MacBook Pro (although that all sounds not very portable), >> ?Tascam DR-680 Eight Channel Portable Digital Audio Recorder >> see the TetraMic site ... >> >>> then use >>> software such as Reaper with ambisonics plugins (Blue Ripple Sound?) to >>> create sound files with the correct encoding on. But then I'm stuck? do I >>> play those sound files through special software, or do I play them through >>> something like iTunes? >> >> You need to decode them to speaker feeds >> IMHO on Mac, Fons' AmbDec is your friend. >> >> You can feed the output direct (via Jack) to your speakers ... or you can >> save it to a multi-channel file and play it back how you like. >> [...] > > To give you some more options: with our (Blue Ripple Sound's) VST plugins you > can produce (and play) speaker feeds using decoders inside Reaper. You'd need > "Rapture3D Advanced" for a non-standard/irregular speaker layout - "TOA > Decoding" targets standard layouts only. Alternatively, the Rapture3D Player > can be used for stand-alone TOA playback. Currently you can't use iTunes to > play ambisonics directly AFAIK. > > Best wishes, > > --Richard > > > _______________________________________________ > Sursound mailing list > Sursound@music.vt.edu > https://mail.music.vt.edu/mailman/listinfo/sursound - unsubscribe here, edit > account, view archive ------------------------------ Message: 3 Date: Tue, 10 Jun 2014 07:33:48 -0000 (GMT) From: "Michael Chapman" <s...@mchapman.com> To: "Surround Sound discussion group" <sursound@music.vt.edu> Subject: Re: [Sursound] Advice on Setting up a Listening Room Message-ID: <57102.90.29.219.43.1402385628.m...@i-a-a.ch> Content-Type: text/plain;charset=UTF-8 > Thank you Michael and Richard. It's now beginning to make more practical > sense to me! > > 1. Just out of interest, when you "upsample" to Third Order Ambisonics, > does that mean simulating the missing information? I suppose so, but there are people on this list who could give a better verb than 'simulate' ... > Is it possible to > record directly in TOA? > Various expt'l and less so (see (?sp)Eigenmic) methods, but the practical answer is "No it is not possible." > 2. Richard, you mention using the TOA Harpex VST plugin to create full 3D > 16 channel TOA. Excuse my ignorance, but does 16 channels equate to 16 > speakers? And does this equate to 16 different speaker positions? (e.g. > placed on the surfaces of a dodecahedron, but not on the nodes). > Ambisonic B-format has (2n+1) channels for pantophony (2D) and ((n+1)^2) channels for periphony (3D). Thus Third Order Ambisonics (TOA) has ((3+1)^2) = 4^2 = 16 channels. B-format (storage/distribution) is not D-format (speaker feeds). B-format --has the minimum number of channels (useful for storage/distribution) --can be decoded to 'any' speaker configuration (again 'useful') First order horizontal-only B-format has 3 channels. You will need at least a square rig (4 speakers) to reproduce it. Many would say it would be improved by using a hexagon (6). > 3. Do I require Jack if I am using a Blue Ripple Sound filter? > Leave that to Richard ... but I doubt it (not least as BR works on Windows;-)> > 4. Are AmbDec and Rapture 3D Advanced equivalent? > Totally ... holding breath for polite correction from Richard ;-)> Seriously, of course not ! > 5. Do the speakers feed directly into the Motu Traveler (or equivalent)? > In other words, if I hypothetically wanted to use 16 speakers (as in > question 2), would I need something capable of having more speakers > attached? > You need a soundcard with 16 'outs'. IIRC the Traveller has 8 normal analogue outs 2 headphone outs ('L&R') 2 EBU outs ('L&R') 8 ADAT outs The first ten are analogue, so easy. Decoding EBU, no idea. ADAT can be done with a ?150 / ?200 euro box. Other Motus, you'll have to do your own research. Ditto other multichannel soundcards. But _if_ your 'repertoire' is fixed then a couple of Waveplayers might be a lot cheaper ??? However TOA will need >>16 speakers ... (so if you are going down that path (do you need TOA?)) then you will be chaining Motus ( 1.5 to 2K budget?) or using some other soundcard (suspect at least as much) or cheating with 3 Waveplayers (c.700). (BTW, don't think anyone on here has chained Waveplayers, but that it is possible was the anglo-german consensus of reading the manuals ... the manufacturer does answer English emails ... ) Good luck, M > Thanks for clarifying things for me. > > PS Michael, thank you for your suggestion about getting in touch with > Eric. I will look up his posts later today. > > > On 9 Jun 2014, at 12:15, Richard Furse <rich...@muse440.com> wrote: > >>> -----Original Message----- >>> From: Sursound [mailto:sursound-boun...@music.vt.edu] On Behalf Of >>> Michael Chapman >>> Sent: 08 June 2014 15:58 >>> To: Surround Sound discussion group >>> Subject: Re: [Sursound] Advice on Setting up a Listening Room >>> >>> [...] >>>> 4. I don't know whether I need to consider placing speakers above (and >>>> below) the horizontal plane for the purposes I described above. It >>>> would >>>> obviously be more realistic, but noticeably so? If so, how many? >>> If you want 3-D you will have to. >>> >>> Minimum for first order is 8 in a cube. >>> First order may not be precise enough for you. >>> On the other hand with a TetraMic you will only get first order. >>> However you can massage first order to higher order (?Harpex ... but >>> IIRC >>> only horizontal). >> >> There's now also the "TOA Harpex" VST plugin, which upsamples from first >> order B-Format to full 3D 16-channel TOA. >> >>>> 7. I was planning on recording listening situations using a TetraMic. >>>> From >>>> what I understand, I would use something like a Motu 4Pre to get the >>> sound >>>> into a MacBook Pro (although that all sounds not very portable), >>> ?Tascam DR-680 Eight Channel Portable Digital Audio Recorder >>> see the TetraMic site ... >>> >>>> then use >>>> software such as Reaper with ambisonics plugins (Blue Ripple Sound?) >>>> to >>>> create sound files with the correct encoding on. But then I'm stuck? >>>> do I >>>> play those sound files through special software, or do I play them >>>> through >>>> something like iTunes? >>> >>> You need to decode them to speaker feeds >>> IMHO on Mac, Fons' AmbDec is your friend. >>> >>> You can feed the output direct (via Jack) to your speakers ... or you >>> can >>> save it to a multi-channel file and play it back how you like. >>> [...] >> >> To give you some more options: with our (Blue Ripple Sound's) VST >> plugins you can produce (and play) speaker feeds using decoders inside >> Reaper. You'd need "Rapture3D Advanced" for a non-standard/irregular >> speaker layout - "TOA Decoding" targets standard layouts only. >> Alternatively, the Rapture3D Player can be used for stand-alone TOA >> playback. Currently you can't use iTunes to play ambisonics directly >> AFAIK. >> >> Best wishes, >> >> --Richard >> >> >> _______________________________________________ >> Sursound mailing list >> Sursound@music.vt.edu >> https://mail.music.vt.edu/mailman/listinfo/sursound - unsubscribe here, >> edit account, view archive > > _______________________________________________ > Sursound mailing list > Sursound@music.vt.edu > https://mail.music.vt.edu/mailman/listinfo/sursound - unsubscribe here, > edit account or options, view archives and so on. > ------------------------------ Message: 4 Date: Tue, 10 Jun 2014 08:57:17 +0000 From: Fons Adriaensen <f...@linuxaudio.org> To: sursound@music.vt.edu Subject: Re: [Sursound] Advice on Setting up a Listening Room Message-ID: <20140610085717.ga26...@linuxaudio.org> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii On Tue, Jun 10, 2014 at 07:40:14AM +0100, Curtis Alcock wrote: > 1. Just out of interest, when you "upsample" to Third Order Ambisonics, > does that mean simulating the missing information? In a sense, yes. What happens is that the input signal is divided in a large number of narrow frequency bands, and for each of these the algorithm tries to find out the directions. Then each band is panned to either to a set of discrete speakers or re-enconded in TOA. The way is this works is by solving a set of equations that describe how two sources are encoded into first order AMB. For more than two sources the equations become ambiguous - there is no unique solution. The algorithm works well if you have one or two clearly defined sources in each frequency band, but it fails in complex ways in case this condition is not satisfied. If your studio is to be used for hearing research you should probably ask yourself if you want this sort of processing - it sort of 'interpretes' the spatial information in a way that is not at all related to how our brains do it. > Is it possible to record directly in TOA? It is sort of possible using the 32-channel EigenMic and some processing. But the resulting TOA is not complete: the higher order signals have a rather limited frequency range. Which in turn means that a normal decoder will not handle them correctly. It is possible to correct for this up to some point, and in that case this method can produce usable results. Some of my collegues here used it to produce a TOA sounscape of the city of Parma last year - the result is quite impressive. Normally HOA is recorded by panning individual sources and adding AMB encoded reverb or room acoustics. > 2. Richard, you mention using the TOA Harpex VST plugin to create > full 3D 16 channel TOA. Excuse my ignorance, but does 16 channels > equate to 16 speakers? You need more than 16 speakers for full 3D third order. Good layouts (without preferred directions or gaps) have 20-25 speakers. > 4. Are AmbDec and Rapture 3D Advanced equivalent? As far as I know, no. Ambdec is a full-featured decoder app for (currently) up to 3rd order and 36 speakers. Full-featured means dual-band and having near-field compensation. But it is *only* a decoder, you have to give it the decoding matrices - it will not compute them for you. I can provide hand-optimised decoder matrices for Ambdec users. If I'm not mistaken 3D-Advanced includes code to compute decoding matrices for any speaker layout. Note that computing these matrices for arbitrary non-regular speaker layouts is still some form of 'black art'. There are a number of algorithms that can produce reasonable results, but none of them produce optimal decoders. Ciao, -- FA A world of exhaustive, reliable metadata would be an utopia. It's also a pipe-dream, founded on self-delusion, nerd hubris and hysterically inflated market opportunities. (Cory Doctorow) ------------------------------ Message: 5 Date: Tue, 10 Jun 2014 11:49:13 +0100 From: Curtis Alcock <curtis.alc...@tiscali.co.uk> To: Surround Sound discussion group <sursound@music.vt.edu> Subject: Re: [Sursound] Advice on Setting up a Listening Room Message-ID: <3de7c9a1-65f2-4d35-b387-8836d91df...@tiscali.co.uk> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=windows-1252 Thanks for your replies, Fons. > If your studio is to be used for hearing research you should > probably ask yourself if you want this sort of processing - it > sort of 'interpretes' the spatial information in a way that > is not at all related to how our brains do it. Do you think it depend on the type of research? The purpose of the room is not to simulate how the brain works, but to simulate an auditory scene ? in a way that the brain can then use "as if it were real". So to put it another way, because someone in the room would be using their own brain to "interpret spatial information", the question is whether the TOA processing you describe above would clash at all with a person's own interpretation of spatial information ? or would a person be able to interpret the sound "as if it was real" (allowing for the obvious absence of other sensory stimulus!). Or if it not "real", what would they be missing out on? What type of "false information" might TOA give them? Leading on from this question, is it even (practically) possible to simulate a sound field that uses processing that is related to how our brains do it? If so, what type of processing should I be looking at? My main purpose is to see how the combination of a person + hearing technology + sound scene integrates in order to "accurately" (i.e. "results in the studio are predictive of performance in real life".) assess the combined performance in a way that is repeatable across people and technology, then use that information to adjust the parameters on the technology. As a lot of this technology is now making decisions based on spatial information (I'm not sure about distance, but certainly direction), it is important to surround a person (and the technology) with sound that is "close enough" to real life. Also, would there be enough spatial (even if it's only "interpreted") information in a TOA set up to convince the hearing technology to change it's directional microphone polar plot to reduce the loudest noise source? Michael mentioned possibly using "virtual microphones" for a localization test, rather than discrete speakers. Do you think such a test would be repeatable across different people using TOA, or from what you understand about brain vs AMB, does it be too variable or open to interpretation? >> Is it possible to record directly in TOA? > > Normally HOA is recorded by panning individual sources and adding > AMB encoded reverb or room acoustics. Does panning individual sources mean moving the microphone (in which case, you would be losing the transient nature of sound)? Or does it mean recording from several spots simultaneously (e.g. triangulating)? From what you're saying, then, whilst it is theoretically and technically better to record in HOA, achieving consistent good results are difficult? And so up-sampling is generally considered the norm? > You need more than 16 speakers for full 3D third order. Good layouts > (without preferred directions or gaps) have 20-25 speakers. Does that mean constructing a dodecahedron with speakers positioned on the nodes? Is there a minimum room area size? > There are a number of algorithms that can produce > reasonable results, but none of them produce optimal decoders. Does hand-optimised decoding produce more optimal results? ------------------------------ Message: 6 Date: Tue, 10 Jun 2014 12:48:27 +0000 From: Fons Adriaensen <f...@linuxaudio.org> To: sursound@music.vt.edu Subject: Re: [Sursound] Advice on Setting up a Listening Room Message-ID: <20140610124827.ga15...@linuxaudio.org> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8 On Tue, Jun 10, 2014 at 11:49:13AM +0100, Curtis Alcock wrote: > Thanks for your replies, Fons. > > > If your studio is to be used for hearing research you should > > probably ask yourself if you want this sort of processing - it > > sort of 'interpretes' the spatial information in a way that > > is not at all related to how our brains do it. > > Do you think it depend on the type of research? The purpose of > the room is not to simulate how the brain works, but to simulate > an auditory scene ? in a way that the brain can then use "as if > it were real". The result (of processing such as done by Harpex) will be a 'correct' sound field, one that could exist as the result of having real sound sources in the room. It does not present 'false information'. But the question is if such a sound field is representative of real daily life ones. These do not have the limitation of at most two directions per frequency band per time slice. Imagine a typical space which will produce many early reflections and some amount of reverb. How much this matters in your field of research I really don't know. > Leading on from this question, is it even (practically) possible to > simulate a sound field that uses processing that is related to how > our brains do it? If so, what type of processing should I be looking at? The purpose of the system (as far as I can see it) is to create or reproduce the sound field, leaving the interpretation to the listener. So there should not be any processing that tries to mimic psycho- acoustic processes, e.g. by deciding what is important (perceptible) or not. You could compare this to lossy encoding (e.g. mp3). Such algorithms will remove the things that we won't hear and reduce the information rate that way. What they do is based on psycho-acoustic criteria - critical bands and masking. Which means you shouldn't use mp3 encoded signals if you're doing psycho-acousting research on critical bands and masking. > My main purpose is to see how the combination of a person + hearing > technology + sound scene integrates in order to "accurately" (i.e. > "results in the studio are predictive of performance in real life".) > assess the combined performance in a way that is repeatable across > people and technology, then use that information to adjust the parameters > on the technology. As a lot of this technology is now making decisions > based on spatial information (I'm not sure about distance, but certainly > direction), it is important to surround a person (and the technology) with > sound that is "close enough" to real life. TOA will produce a fairly accurate replica of real-life sound fields. > Also, would there be enough spatial (even if it's only "interpreted") > information in a TOA set up to convince the hearing technology to change > it's directional microphone polar plot to reduce the loudest noise source? For normal TOA this will be the case. I can't really confirm is that is still true for 'upsampled' TOA. If the loudest noise source is a discrete one (a single or at most two directions) things will work. In the other case an upsampled TOA may not correctly reproduce it (even if it may sound OK - that is an entirely different matter). > Michael mentioned possibly using "virtual microphones" for a localization > test, rather than discrete speakers. Do you think such a test would be > repeatable across different people using TOA, or from what you understand > about brain vs AMB, does it be too variable or open to interpretation? I don't understand what is meant by 'virtual micrphones instead of speakers'. The outputs of an AMB decoder can be interpreted as coming from a 'virtual microphone' having some polar pattern, but I don't see the relation. > >> Is it possible to record directly in TOA? > > > > Normally HOA is recorded by panning individual sources and adding > > AMB encoded reverb or room acoustics. > > Does panning individual sources mean moving the microphone (in which > case, you would be losing the transient nature of sound)? Or does it > mean recording from several spots simultaneously (e.g. triangulating)? Neither. It's the same process as multitrack recording for stereo or 5.1. You start with individual (mono) sources, each of them is sent through an AMB panner and the outputs of those are summed on an AMB mixing bus. The panner just distributes its input signal over all the channels of the AMB bus in the right proportions that represent any particular direction (just as a stereo panner distributes the signal between L and R). Each mono signal is also sent (with controllable gain and delay), to a processor that adds room acoustics and reverb. The amplitude ratio of direct sound and reverb, and their relative delay determine perceived distance. > > You need more than 16 speakers for full 3D third order. Good layouts > > (without preferred directions or gaps) have 20-25 speakers. > > Does that mean constructing a dodecahedron with speakers positioned > on the nodes? Which would be an icosahedron. This is not a very practical layout. A good one for full 3D 3rd order is * One speaker at the bottom (optional, requires raised listening position) * A ring of six at elevation -45 degrees * A ring of eight at elevation zero. * A ring of six at elevaton +45 degrees * One speaker at the zenith (again optional). which means 20, 21 or 22 speakers. See for example <http://www.conservatoriorossini.it/conservatorio/strutture_servizi/space.aspx> which uses this layout (with some compromises on the negative elevation ring and without the bottom speaker). This is the best sounding AMB room I know of (also because of the excellent acoustic treatment). > Is there a minimum room area size ? Speakers should not be too close, something like 1.5m is the minimum distance (and this will require a decoder with near-field compensation). > > There are a number of algorithms that can produce > > reasonable results, but none of them produce optimal decoders. > > Does hand-optimised decoding produce more optimal results? It can, if done by someone skilled in the art and using the right tools. Such a person would also be able to tweak the automated methods so they will produce better results than when using their default settings. But doing such things requires experience and a good understanding of the underlying theory. The first and most important thing is to choose a good speaker layout. Ciao, -- FA A world of exhaustive, reliable metadata would be an utopia. It's also a pipe-dream, founded on self-delusion, nerd hubris and hysterically inflated market opportunities. (Cory Doctorow) ------------------------------ Subject: Digest Footer _______________________________________________ Sursound mailing list Sursound@music.vt.edu https://mail.music.vt.edu/mailman/listinfo/sursound ------------------------------ End of Sursound Digest, Vol 71, Issue 8 *************************************** . -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... 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