Hello Robert, http://www.farmradio.org/english/radio-scripts/38-8script_en.asp
Some farmers have tried other tactics. interplanting with plants such as garlic, mint, chives, marigold, chilli peppers, neem, will discourage aphids from paying your farm a an unwelcome visit. Growing shrubs and bushes to house insects such as lacewings (Chrysopa spp.), ladybug beetles (Hippodamia convergens). and parasitic wasps whose larvae feed on the aphids can reduce their population. Aphids are attracted to yellow colour which is the colour of exudates from P deficient fruiting plants. You can set up a honey trap for them with a yellow paper pasted with glue or a bottle of yellow soap solution near the affected plants. http://www.mosesorganic.org/ob/aphids.htm You may need to conduct a soil test to determine Potassium which is essential for bulking of fruits and vegetables and when P is insufficient the turgor pressure, Garlic Oil seems to disrupts the light sensors and hence the radar system by which aphids seek out weak plants.. "Foliar application included the Neem oil, Fulvic acid, Fish hydrolysate as a ph stabilizer plus the nutrient package of AER SP1, a stabilized microbial extract and liquid organic fertilizer (calcium and potassium). After five days the population began diminishing. In this particular case the lady beetles moved into this field and within 14 days they helped clean up the aphid" Garden aphids have been known to flee for dear life after a spray of insect suppression formula including Neem oil and garlic oil, mixed it with Safer Soap, Drammatic Fish (to stabilize the ph), potassium sulfate, liquid calcium and water. As for rose http://forums.gardenweb.com/forums/load/rosesorg/msg051736413587.html A ratio of 7ml neem oil, 1 ml detergent to 1 litre of warm water seems to control the black spots. Citrus Oil also seems to be effective. Neem seed kernel oil spray or emulsion or as azadirachtin 300 ppm in water spray will certainly stop the critters in their tracks.. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.0931-2048.2003.00779.x/abs/?cookieSet=1 http://www.commonsensecare.com/neeminsect.html http://www.neemuses.com/ " NEEM AS A POTENTIAL BIOPESTICIDE AND SOIL CONDITIONER The Neem Azadirachta indica A.Juss. (Syn. Melia azadirachta L . ) ; Eng- Margosa tree, Neem tree; Hindi- Neem (Meliaceaae). A common roadside tree bearing small, white and sweet scented flowers. Blossoms in early April in North Indian conditions. Tree is considered a good purifier of air, due to its large leaf area. Native of Burma but grown all over India. Oilcake, obtained from seeds, is used as a fertilizer and manure. Green twigs are used as tooth brushes for cleaning teeth, and as a prophylactic for mouth and teeth complaints. Parts of the plant are used medicinally and the leaves are placed in suit cases to repel insects and to preserve woollens. An extract of leaves is used in tooth pastes and soaps Seeds yield famous margosa oil of disagreeable garlic like flavour. Oil is said to be effective in treatment of leprosy and skin diseases. Also used as a cure for manage in dogs. Leaves in poultice are used for healing of wounds. Ripe fruits are edible. Due to its bitter taste and disagreeable odour, not removed by conventional methods, neem oil has not been utilised on an industrial scale. However, a process has recently been developed to extract the bitter constituents from neem oil. Oil thus obtained has been found to be suitable for soap making and for hydrogenation. Seed oil is also used as antiseptic and for burning purposes. Stones from fruits are used as beads in rosaries and necklaces. Azadirachtin, a substance isolated from the tree, has been found to have insect repellent and insecticidal properties. Bark yields tannin. Gum exudate from the bark is used in medicines as a stimulant, and for dyeing silk. Bark is useful in fever, nausea, vomitting and skin disease. Bitter principles of neem oil are reported to have been obtained by extraction with alcohol. The main component of the oil is nimbidin which is very bitter. Nimbidin is used for making several pharmaceutical preparations including emulsions, liquors, ointments, medicinal cosmetics such as lotions, shampoos, creams, hair tonics and gargles. Timber is used for agricultural implements and furniture. Besides above Neem products - Neem EC and Neem UCA have also been produced as plant growth promoter and soil conditioning agent. NEEM EC NEEM EC is the general- purpose botanical pesticide of choice for organic agriculture . NEEM EC is widely used in several countries around the world today either singly in Integrated Pest Management or in conjunction with synthetic pesticides. Amongst the other known botanical pesticides such as Rotenone and Pyrethrins, NEEM EC is superior due to reasons cited below. Research has shown that neem extracts can influence nearly 200 spices of insects. It is significant that some of these pests are resistant to pesticides, or are inherently difficult to control with conventional pesticides (floral thrips, diamond back moth and several leaf miners).NEEM EC belongs to the category of medium to broad spectrum pesticides. NEEM EC works by intervening at several stages of the life of an insect. It does not kill the pests instantaneously but incapacitates it in several other ways. Mode of Action : Neem acts as a biopesticide at different levels and ways. This is very important since the farmer is used to the knock out effect of chemical pesticides. Neem does not exhibit this type of effect on pests but affects them in several other ways. Mainly : Oviposition Deterrent Insect Growth Regulation: It is a very interesting property of neem products and unique in nature, since it works on juvenile hormone. The insect larva feeds when it grows, it sheds the old skin and again starts growing. This particular shedding of old skin is the phenomenon of ecdysis or moulting is governed by an enzyme ecdysone. When the neem components, especially Azadirachtin enter into the body of larvae, the activity of ecdysone is suppressed and the larva fails to moult, remains in the larval stage and ultimately dies. If the concentration of Azadirachtin is not sufficient, the larva manages to enter the pupal stage but dies at this stage and if the concentration is still less the adult emerging from the pupa is 100 % malformed, absolutely sterile without any capacity for reproduction. Feeding Deterrent : The most important property of neem is feeding deterrence. When an insect larva sits on the leaf, the larva is hungry and it wants to feed on the leaf. This particular trigger of feeding is given through the maxillary glands give a trigger, peristalsis in the alimentary canal is speeded up, the larva feels hungry and its starts feeding on the surface of the leaf. When the leaf is treated with neem product, because of the presence of azadirachtin, salanin and melandriol there is an anti - peristalitic wave in the alimentary canal and this produces something similar to vomiting sensation in the insect. Because of this sensation the insect does not feed on the neem treated surface. Its ability to swallow is also blocked. Oviposition Deterrent : Another way in which neem reduces pests is not by allowing the female to deposits eggs. This property is known as Oviposition deterrence, and comes in very handy when the seeds in storage are coated with neem Kernel powder and neem oil. The seeds or grains obtained from the market are already infested with some insects. Even these grains could be treated with neem seed kernel extract or neem oil; after this treatment the insects will not feed on them. There will be no further damage to the already damaged grains and at the same time when the female comes to the egg laying period of its life cycle, egg laying is prevented. Other pesticidal activity includes of need include (1) The formation of chitin (exoskeleton) is also inhibited. (2) Mating as well as sexual communication is disrupted.(3) Larvae and adults of insects are repelled. (4) Adults are sterilised. (5) larvae and adults are poisoned. Use of neem products does not give immediate results like chemical insecticides. Some patience is required after application of neem products. Chemistry of Ingredients of Neem Neem plants, as do all other plants, contain several thousands of chemical constituents.Of special interest are the terpenoids are known from different parts of the neem plant. Of its biological constituents the most active and well studied compound is Azadirachtin. However, in most traditional preparations of neem as pesticide or medicine a mixture of neem chemicals are present and provide the active principles. Several different kinds of azadirachtins (A to K) have been isolated, the most abundant of which is Azadirachtin - A. The neem terpenoids are present in all parts of the plant, in the living tissues. Recently, the site of synthesis and accumulation of the neem chemicals has been identified as secretory cells. Secretory cells are most abundant in the seed kernels. The secretory cells can be seen with iodine solution. Besides the terpenoids, neem also contains more than 20 sulphurous compounds responsible for the characteristic smell of crushed seeds and neem oil. Toxicity : In toxicological studies carried out in the USA and Germany, different neem product were neither mutagenous nor cancerogenic, and they did not produce any skin irritations or organic alternations to mice and rates even at high concentrations. In another Canadian study, Neem was found to be harmless to Aquatic invertebrates and other non-target species. Benefits : Neem Biopesticide (Emulsifiable Concentrate) is well suited for an " Integrated Pest Management" (IPM) Program because of the following salient features:(1) Neem Pesticide is a natural product, absolutely non toxic, 100% biodegradable and environment mentally friend. (2) It is suited for mixing with other synthetic pesticide and in fact enhances their action. (3) None or lesser quantity of synthetic pesticides need to be used, thereby reducing the environmental load. (4) Several synthetic pesticides being single chemical compounds cause easy development of resistant species of pests. Neem consists of several compounds hence development of resistance is impossible. (5) Neem does not destroy natural predators and parasites of pests thereby allowing these natural enemies to keep a check on the pest population. (6) Neem also has systemic action and seedlings can absorb and accumulate the neem compounds to make the whole plant pest resistant. (7) Neem has a broad spectrum of action active on more than 200 spices of pests. (8) Neem is harmless to non target and beneficial organisms like pollinators, honey bees, mammals and other vertebrates. Following are the target insects of neem: COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME American boll worm Heliothis armigera Oriental armyworm Mythimna separate Angoumis grain moth Sitorega cerealella Pink Cotton boll worm Petinophora gossypiella Bark eating caterpillar Indarbela quadrinotata Pod fly Melanogromyza obtusa Beet leaf bug Piesma quqdratum Pulse beetle Callosobruchus chinensis Brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens Pulse bruchid Callosbruchus maculates Cabbage butterfly Pieris brassicae Red boll worm Rabila frontalis Chafer beetle Apogonia blancharid Red hairy caterpillar Amsacta albistriga Citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella Reniform nematode Rotylenchulus reinform Confused flour beetle Tribolium confusum Rhinoceros beetle Oryctes rhinoceros Corn aphid Rhopaloispum maidis Rice moth Corcyra cephalonica Cotton aphid Aphis gossypii Rice skipper Pelopidas mathias Dessert locust Schistocera gregaria Root knot nematode Melodidogyne incognita Diamond black moth Plutella xylostella Root knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica Diamond moth Plutella maculipennis Root lesion nematode Pratylenchus genus Gall midge Orseolis oryzae Rust red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum Grain borer Rhizopertha dominica Saw toothed grain beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis Gram / pod borer caterpillar Heloithis armigera Scale insect Saissetia nigra Green leafhopper Nephotettix appicalis Serpentine leafminer Liriomyza trifolli Green peach aphid Myzus persicae Shoot/ fruit borer Earias vittela Groundnut leafminer Stomopteryx nertaria Seleron persicae Spotted boll worm (cotton boll worm ) Erias fabia, E. insulana E. vitella Groundnut leafminer Stomopteryx netaria Stem borer Scirpophaga incertulas Gypsy moth Lymantria dispar Stem fly Melanagromyza phaseoli Hairy caterpillar Amsacta moorei Stunt nematode Tylenchorhynchus brassicae Khapra beetle Trogoderma granarium Sugarcane aphid Melanaphis sacchaari Leaf folder / roller Cnaphalocrocis medicella Surface grasshopper Chrotogonus trachypterus Leafminer Aproaerema modicella Termite Microtermes species Leafhopper Nephotettix virescenes Tobacco caterpillar Spodoptera litura Lesser grain borer Rhizzopertha dominica White backed planthopper Sogatella furcifera Mexican bean beetle Epilachna variverstis White fly Bemisia tabaci Migratory locust Locusta migratoria Mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi Mustard saw fly Athalia lugens proxima Mustard webworm Crocidomia binotalis" Regards. balaji ----- Original Message ----- From: "robert luis rabello" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> To: <Biofuel@sustainablelists.org> Sent: Saturday, May 28, 2005 8:13 PM Subject: [Biofuel] Pests and Predation > I'm determined to avoid using chemical sprays on my fruit trees. This > is my third year on this property, and though my trees are now firmly > established and far healthier than they used to be (thanks to a lot of > soil remediation!), they're still struggling with aphid and > caterpillar infestations. > > I've used soap spray, especially on the undersides of leaves where the > aphids are particularly numerous, I've removed infected leaves and > caterpillars by hand. It's a bit discouraging to be dealing with such > a persistent problem! However, my close inspection of the fruit trees > also reveals that hippodamia convergens (a species of lady beetle > native to this area) have been feasting at the "all you can eat" aphid > bar of my garden. The beetles seem to prefer the tops of leaves, while > the aphids are most fond of the undersides. > > This makes me very reluctant to use an insecticide spray. I don't > want to ruin my trees and their fruit either. Last year the aphids > and caterpillars nearly denuded one of my plum trees and made a MESS > of the cherry we have growing in our yard. The cherry seems to be > successful in fighting off the pests this time around, but the plum > trees are in full infestation again! Also, our apple tree has been > "discovered" by the pests, though it escaped any problems last year > and seems healthier than our other trees. > > We're also dealing with blistered currant leaves and roses COVERED in > black spot! My saintly mother in law, who has been gardening for > decades, has never seen a garden as lush as ours so afflicted. > > Any suggestions? (Aside from bulldozing the whole thing and starting > over?) > > > robert luis rabello > "The Edge of Justice" > Adventure for Your Mind _______________________________________________ Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.org http://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.org Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Search the full Biofuel list archives (46,000 messages): http://infoarchive.net/sgroup/biofuel/ Search the Biofuels-biz list archives: http://infoarchive.net/sgroup/biofuels-biz/
