Hi Greg >Keith, > >This diesel info. is priceless!
He's excellent. >It looks like you are a subscriber, would you (could you ), please >access the Fuel Regulations : >http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/fuels/ for the US, and share with >the rest of the group? It's copyrighted, I've been in two minds about doing it. I'm not going to make a habit of it. I do post material from their newsletter every month, but not these special articles. I'm making an exception now because we're discussing NOx etc and dealing with diesel-bashers and I believe this serves Mr Majewski's cause. BUT this is for list members only - PLEASE respect Mr Majewski's copyright and don't distribute this material any further. There's a vast wealth of excellent information to be had at DieselNet, some of it free, most of it for subscriber-only access. Anyone who's seriously involved in this game would do very well to get themselves a subscription to DieselNet, in many cases you'd be kind of crippled without it, IMHO. Anyway, that said, here you go Greg - again no graphics, but the tables should come through with tabs so you'll be able to sort them out if you're clever (use a word-processor). If not tabs they should be replaced by multiple spaces so you can find-and-replace with tabs. regards Keith http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/fuels/us.html Fuels: United States Also: Mexico * Automotive Diesel Fuel Europe European Union * Automotive Diesel Fuel * Reference Diesel Fuel France * Water/Diesel Emulsions Italy * Water/Diesel Emulsions Sweden * EC1 Diesel Asia India * Automotive Diesel Fuel Fuel Regulations United States Diesel Fuel Grades Historically, the quality of automotive fuels in the USA was governed by ASTM standards. Diesel fuels are covered by the ASTM D975-04a specification, which describes seven grades of diesel: 1. Grade No. 1-D S15, a special-purpose, light middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications. Higher volatility than that provided by Grade No. 2-D S15 fuel. Maximum sulfur content 15 ppm. 2. Grade No. 1-D S500, a special-purpose, light middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications. Higher volatility than that provided by Grade No. 2-D S15 fuel. Maximum sulfur content 500 ppm. 3. Grade No. 1-D S5000, a special-purpose, light middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications. Higher volatility than that provided by Grade No. 2-D S15 fuel. Maximum sulfur content 5000 ppm. 4. Grade No. 2-D S15, a general-purpose, middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engines, especially in applications of varying speed and load. Maximum sulfur content 15 ppm. 5. Grade No. 2-D S500, a general-purpose, middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engines, especially in applications of varying speed and load. Maximum sulfur content 500 ppm. 6. Grade No. 2-D S5000, a general-purpose, middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engines, especially in applications of varying speed and load. Maximum sulfur content 5000 ppm. 7. Grade No. 4-D, a heavy distillate fuel, or a blend of distillate and residual oil, for low- and medium-speed diesel engines in applications involving predominantly constant speed and load. Heavier fuel oils Grade 5 and 6 (residual), which are used primarily for heating purposes, are described by ASTM D396. The Sxxx designation was first adopted in the D975-04 edition of the standard to distinguish grades by sulfur content. The S5000 grades correspond to the "regular" sulfur grades, the previous No. 1-D and No. 2-D. S500 grades correspond to the previous "Low Sulfur" grades (D975-03). S15 grades are commonly referred to as "Ultra-Low Sulfur" grades or ULSD. Further ASTM specifications exist for marine diesel fuels. While some marine diesel engines use No. 2 distillate, additional ASTM specifications identify four kinds of marine distillate fuels: DMX, DMA, DMB, and DMC: * DMX is a special light distillate intended mainly for use in emergency engines. * DMA (also called MGO) is a general purpose marine distillate that must be free from traces of residual fuel. DMX and DMA fuels are primarily used in Category 1 marine engines (< 5 liters per cylinder). * DMB ("marine diesel oil") is allowed to have traces of residual fuel, which can be high in sulfur. This contamination with residual fuel usually occurs in the distribution process, when using the same supply means (e.g., pipelines, supply vessels) that are used for residual fuel. DMB is produced when fuels such as DMA are brought on board the vessel in this manner. DMB is typically used for Category 2 (5-30 liters per cylinder) and Category 3 (³ 30 liters per cylinder) engines. * DMC is a grade that may contain residual fuel, and is often a residual fuel blend. It is similar to No. 4-D, and can be used in Category 2 and Category 3 marine diesel engines. * Residual (non-distillate) fuels are designated by the prefix RM (e.g., RMA, RMB, etc.). These fuels are also identified by their nominal viscosity (e.g., RMA10, RMG35, etc.). Sulfur Content Since the 1990's, fuel quality has been increasingly more regulated by the US EPA under the authority of the Clean Air Act. In the context of the increasingly more stringent diesel emission standards, the most important fuel property regulated by the EPA became the sulfur content. Historically, the sulfur content in diesel fuels for highway and nonroad vehicles was limited to 0.5% (wt.) by ASTM specifications. The milestones in US environmental regulations limiting sulfur levels in diesel fuels can be summarized as follows: * Highway Diesel Fuel * 500 ppm: Sulfur limit of 500 ppm = 0.05% (wt.) became effective in October 1993. This fuel, commonly referred to as the low sulfur diesel fuel, was introduced to facilitate sulfate particulate emission reductions, which were necessary for meeting the 1994 emission standards for heavy-duty highway engines. * 15 ppm: Diesel fuel of maximum sulfur level of 15 ppm will be available for highway use beginning in June 2006. This fuel, referred to as the ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD), was legislated by the EPA to enable catalyst-based emission control devices, such as diesel particulate filters and NOx adsorbers, which will be necessary for meeting the 2007-2010 emission standards for heavy-duty engines, as well as the Tier 2 light-duty standards. * Nonroad Diesel Fuels * 500 ppm: Sulfur limit of 500 ppm becomes effective in June 2007 for nonroad, locomotive and marine fuels. * 15 ppm: Sulfur limit of 15 ppm (ULSD) becomes effective in June 2010 for nonroad fuel, and in June 2012 for locomotive and marine fuels. The ULSD has been legislated for nonroad engines to enable advanced emission control systems for meeting the Tier 4 nonroad emission standards. The above sulfur limits do not apply to heavy oils used in Category 2 and 3 marine diesel engines. http://www.dieselnet.com/tech/fuels/us_auto.html Fuels: USA Automotive Diesel Fuel [subscription] Fuel Regulations È United States Automotive Diesel Fuel 1993 Specification US Federal In parallel with the 1994 emission standards for heavy-duty diesel engines, the EPA introduced new requirements for highway diesel fuel. A new sulfur limit of 0.05% (500 ppm) superseded the earlier ASTM specification of 0.5% effective October 1, 1993. The 0.05% S fuel was termed the "low sulfur" diesel. In addition, the EPA required either a minimum cetane index of 40, or a maximum aromatic content of 35%. Other fuel properties must comply with the ASTM D975, as shown in Table 1. The above requirements apply to all areas in the USA, except in Alaska. Diesel fuel not intended for on-road use must be dyed red. Fuel grade 1-D is a special purpose volatile distillate fuel. Fuel grade 2-D is a general-purpose, middle distillate fuel for automotive diesel engines. Table 1 US Diesel Fuel Specification (ASTM D975-94) Fuel Property Unit Specification Grade 1-D Grade 2-D Cetane Number 40 (min)a 40 (min)a Either (1) Cetane Index 40 (min) 40 (min) Or (2) Aromatics % (vol.) 35 (max) 35 (max) Cloud Point ¡C b b Distillation 90% (vol.) ¡C 288 (max)c 282-338c Total Sulfur % (wt.) 0.05 (max) 0.05 (max) Flashpoint ¡C 38 (min) 52 (min) Kinematic Viscosity @ 40¡C mm2/s 1.3-2.4 1.9-4.1 Water & Sediment % (vol.) 0.05 (max) 0.05 (max) Ramsbottom Carbon on 10% Residue % (wt.) 0.15 (max) 0.35 (max) Ash % (wt.) 0.01 (max) 0.01 (max) Copper Strip Corrosion No. 3 (max) No. 3 (max) a - low temperatures and high attitude operation may require use of fuels with higher cetane b - in most cases, satisfactory operation is assured with the cloud point specified 6¡C above the tenth percentile minimum ambient temperature for the area in which the fuel will be used c - if cloud point of less than -12¡C is specified, the minimum viscosity should be 1.7 mm2/s and the 90% distillation point should be waived California Effective October 1, 1993, the California ARB adopted a diesel fuel specification of 0.05% sulfur and 10% aromatics. This fuel, commonly referred to as the CARB diesel, is mandatory for both highway and off-road vehicles. Only stationary engines, locomotives, and marine vessels are exempted from the CARB diesel requirement. The California fuel regulations include a provision allowing for alternatives to the 10% aromatic hydrocarbon specification, provided the supplier demonstrates that emissions are equivalent to those with the reference fuel shown in Table 2. Table 2 California Diesel Reference Fuel Fuel Property Unit Specification Cetane Number (natural) 48 (min) Sulfur % (wt.) 0.05 (max) Aromatics % (vol.) 10 (max) Polycyclic Aromatics % (wt.) 1.4 (max) Nitrogen ppmw 10 (max) API Gravity 33-39 Kinematic Viscosity @ 40¡C mm2/s 2.0-4.1 Flashpoint ¡F 130 (min) Distillation Range ¡F (¡C) IBP 550-610 (290-320) 10% point 340-420 (170-215) 50% point 400-490 (205-255) 90% point 470-560 (245-295) EP 580-660 (305-350) The emission equivalency is determined on a 1991 HD diesel engine tested over a hot start FTP transient test. Almost all of California fuels are certified alternative formulations. These "low emission" fuels typically have much higher cetane numbers, lower sulfur, but higher aromatics, higher polycyclic aromatics and higher nitrogen than the reference fuel. About 90% of diesel fuel sold in California is Grade Low Sulfur 2-D, complying with the CARB diesel requirements. Average properties of diesel fuel in California, before and after 1993, are compared with those of the federal diesel in Table 3. Table 3 Average Properties of Reformulated Diesel Fuel Fuel Property California USA(1) Pre-1993 1999 1999 Sulfur, ppmw 440(2) 140(3) 360 Aromatic hydrocarbons, % vol. 35 19 35 Cetane number 43 50 45 Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, % wt. n/a 3 n/a 1 - AAMA National Surveys for on-road vehicles only 2 - For Los Angeles area only, greater than 3000 ppmw in rest of California 3 - About 20% of total California volume was less than 15 ppmw 2006 Specification Sulfur Limit Further significant reductions of sulfur levels in highway diesel fuel were legislated by the EPA as a part of the 2007-2010 emission regulations for heavy-duty engines [66 FR 5135-5193, January 18, 2001]. Fuel of maximum sulfur content of 15 ppm (wt.)-called the "ultra low sulfur diesel" (ULSD)-must be available beginning in mid-2006. Other fuel properties remain unchanged, as shown in Table 1. The ULSD fuel was legislated as a "technology enabler", to facilitate the use of sulfur-sensitive catalyst-based emission technologies on MY2007 and later heavy-duty engines, as well as on Tier 2 compliant light duty diesel vehicles. The regulation provides the following ULSD implementation schedule: * June 1, 2006: Refinery level and importers * July 15, 2006: Terminal level (downstream of the refinery/importer, except for retail outlets and wholesale consumers) * September 1, 2006: Retail level (including wholesale consumers) A number of flexibility provisions exist, to lessen the impact of the specification change on refiners: * Temporary compliance option: Refiners are allowed to produce up to 20% of their output of highway diesel fuel at 500 ppm until December 31, 2009 (May 31, 2010 if the refiner banked sufficient credits). The 500 ppm and 15 ppm S fuel batches must be kept separate in the distribution system. * Credits: Early credits can be generated for manufacturing 15 ppm S fuel ahead of the regulatory schedule. Credits may be generated until December 31, 2009, and must be used by May 31, 2010. Early batches of the 15 ppm S fuel must be segregated in the distribution system and sold at retail as 15 ppm diesel to be eligible for credits. * Averaging, Banking and Trading (ABT) program * Alternative requirements for Alaska and Hawaii * Increased flexibility for small refineries Other Provisions Fuel Additives. Diesel fuel additives for use in motor vehicle fuel subject to the 15 ppm S standards must have a sulfur content ² 15 ppm. Additives of sulfur content exceeding 15 ppm are allowed provided that (1) the additive is used in the diesel fuel in a quantity less than 1% (vol.) and (2) the additive is not used or intended for use by an ultimate consumer. Lubricating Oil. The EPA has not madated any sulfur limits in engine lubricating oils. EPA estimated that sulfur contribution from normal oil consumption is less than 2 ppm on an equivalent fuel sulfur basis. Used Motor Oil. Introducing used motor oil, or used motor oil blended with diesel fuel, into the fuel system of MY2007 or later diesel motor vehicles is not allowed, unless (1) the engine manufacturer has received a Certificate of Conformity and the engine was emission certified based on emissions data with the addition of motor oil, and (2) the oil is added in a manner and rate consistent with the conditions of the Certificate of Conformity. Nonroad Fuels Background Historically, the maximum sulfur content in nonroad and highway diesel fuels was at the same 0.5% level, as specified by ASTM standards. Since the introduction of low sulfur fuel (500 ppm) for highway use by the EPA in 1993, the specifications for highway and nonroad fuels became different. Sulfur in nonroad fuels remained unregulated, with ASTM specification of 0.5% (max) and an average in-use sulfur level of about 0.3% = 3,000 ppm (with the exception of California, where low sulfur CARB diesel has been widely used for nonroad engines). Tier 4 Fuel Program Fuel Specification. In May 2004, EPA adopted the Tier 4 nonroad emission standards and diesel fuel rule, which mandates the following sulfur limits in nonroad fuels: * 500 ppm effective June 1, 2007 for nonroad (NR), locomotive and marine (LM) fuels * 15 ppm (ULSD) effective June 1, 2010 for nonroad fuel, and June 1, 2012 for locomotive and marine fuels The Tier 4 program also extends the cetane index/aromatics specification for highway fuel-a minimum cetane index of 40 or, as an alternative, no more than 35% (vol.) aromatics-to NRLM diesel fuel. Implementation and Flexibilities. The above dates apply to the refinery/importer level. Terminals must meet the 500 ppm deadline by August 2007, and retailers/wholesale customers by October 2007. Likewise, for the ULSD deadlines in June 2010/2012, terminals must convert two months later (August), and retailers four months later (October). A number of flexibility provisions exist during the transitional period, such as: * Diesel sulfur credit banking and trading program-Sulfur credits may be accumulated for early introduction of low sulfur fuels. * Small refiners flexibility-Small refiners and suppliers who accumulated sulfur credits are allowed a delay; they must convert all NRLM fuel to 500 ppm in June 2010, and to 15 ppm in June 2014. An exception is the Northeast/Mid-Atlantic region, where all NRLM fuel must be ² 500 ppm S by June 2007. * Interface/transmix fuel provisions-Material generated within the distribution system can be sold into the NRLM diesel fuel markets as follows: 1. High sulfur NRLM diesel fuel or heating oil from June 1, 2007 through May 31, 2010 2. 500 ppm sulfur NRLM diesel fuel or heating oil from June 1, 2010 through May 31, 2014 3. 500 ppm sulfur LM diesel fuel or heating oil after June 1, 2014 (i.e., indefinitely) * Special provisions for Alaska and the Territories Applicability. The Tier 4 program applies to the following fuels: 1. ASTM No. 1 and 2 distillate fuels used in nonroad, locomotive, or marine diesel engines and ASTM DMX and DMA marine fuels. 2. No. 1 distillate fuels (e.g., kerosene) added to No. 2 diesel fuel (e.g., to improve its cold flow properties). 3. Other fuels used in nonroad, locomotive, or marine diesel engines or blended with diesel fuel for use in such engines (such as biodiesel and special distillates used by the military such as JP-5, JP-8, and F76). The Tier 4 sulfur standards do not apply to: 1. No. 1 distillate fuel used in aircraft. 2. No. 1 or No. 2 distillate fuel used for stationary source purposes, such as to power stationary diesel engines, industrial boilers, or for heating. 3. No. 4, 5, and 6 fuels (e.g., residual fuels or residual fuel blends, IFO Heavy Fuel Oil Grades 30 and higher), used for stationary source purpose. 4. Distillate fuels with a T90 distillation point above 700¡F, when used in Category 2 or 3 marine diesel engines. This includes Number 4, 5, and 6 fuels (e.g., IFO Heavy Fuel Oil Grades 30 and higher), as well as DMB, DMC, RMA-10 and heavier. 5. Fuels for which a national security or research and development exemption has been approved or fuel that is exported from the USA. Other Provisions. The Tier 4 fuel rule adopts the same fuel additive and used motor oil provisions as specified by the 2006 highway fuel rule. The prohibition against mixing of used motor oils with diesel fuel applies to MY2011 or later nonroad diesel engines (not including locomotive or marine diesel engines). http://www.dieselnet.com/tech/fuels/us_cert.html Fuels: USA Certification Diesel Fuel [subscription] Fuel Regulations È United States Certification Diesel Fuel 1994 Model Year Vehicles 2007 Model Year Vehicles Nonroad Engines 1994 Model Year Vehicles Federal (EPA) and California fuel specifications for emission certification of model year (MY) 1994 and later highway engines and vehicles is shown in Table 1. California regulations allow manufacturers to certify engines/vehicles using the EPA certification fuel. Alternately, California specifies its own test fuel of somewhat better quality and, thus, resulting in lower emissions. Manufacturers are generally allowed to use the California fuel for those vehicle types and model years where California emissions regulations are more stringent than the federal regulations. In cases when California and federal emission standards are identical, manufacturers may be required to use the EPA fuel for California certification testing. Table 1 US and California Certification Diesel Fuel for 1994 and Later MY Vehicles Fuel Property Unit Specification Test Federal California Cetane Number (natural) 42-50 47-55 D613 Distillation Range ¡F D86; 13 CCR ¤2282(g)(3) IBP 340-400 340-420 10% point 400-460 400-490 50% point 470-540 470-560 90% point 560-630 550-610 EP 610-690 580-660 API Gravity 32-37 33-39 D287 Total Sulfur % (wt.) 0.03-0.05 0.01-0.05 D2622; 13 CCR ¤2282(g)(3) Nitrogen content (max) ppmw 100-500 13 CCR ¤2282(g)(3) Total Aromatic Hydrocarbons % (vol.) 27 (min) 8-12 D1319; 13 CCR ¤2282(g)(3) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons % (wt.) 1.4 (max) Flashpoint (min) ¡F 130 130 D93 Viscosity @ 40¡F mm2/s 2.0-3.2 2.0-4.1 D445 ASTM standards and/or California Title 13, CCR procedures The EPA specification also allows the following non-metallic fuel additives in certification fuels: cetane improvers, anti-oxidants, dehazers, metal deactivators, anti-corrosion, pour depressants, dyes, dispersants, biocides. 2007 Model Year Vehicles EPA 2007-2010 emission standard legislation for heavy-duty highway engines introduces a sulfur limit of 15 ppm. Accordingly, the specifications for certification fuels have been changed as shown in Table 2. The basic certification fuel is the grade 2-D diesel. Grade 1-D is allowed only if the engine manufacturer demonstrates that this fuel will be the predominant in-use fuel. Table 2 US and California Certification Diesel Fuel for 2007 and Later MY Vehicles Fuel Property Unit Federal California ASTM Test 1-D 2-D Cetane Number 40-54 40-50 47-55 D613 Cetane Index 40-54 40-50 D976 Distillation Range ¡F D86 IBP 330-390 340-400 340-420 10% point 370-430 400-460 400-490 50% point 410-480 470-540 470-560 90% point 460-520 560-630 550-610 EP 500-560 610-690 580-660 API Gravity 40-44 32-37 33-39 D287 Total Sulfur ppmw 7-15 7-15 7-15 D2622 Nitrogen content (max) ppmw 100-500 Total Aromatic Hydrocarbons % (vol.) 8 (min)a 27 (min)a 8-12 D1319 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons % (wt.) 1.4 (max) Flashpoint (min) ¡F 120 130 130 D93 Viscosity @ 40¡F mm2/s 1.6-2.0 2.0-3.2 2.0-4.1 D445 compare Table 1 for California test procedures a - remainder shall be paraffins, naphthenes, and olefins Nonroad Engines Test fuel specifications for distillate diesel fuels for emission testing-for certification, selective enforcement audits, in-use, and NTE testing-are listed in Table 3. The nonroad test fuels are grade 2-D (there is no grade 1-D fuel for nonroad engine testing). Table 3 US Test Fuel for Nonroad Diesel Engines Fuel Property Unit Emission Regulation ASTM Test Tier 1-3 Tier 4 Cetane Number 40-48 40-50 D613 Cetane Index 40-50 D976 Distillation Range ¡C D86 IBP 171-204 171-204 10% point 204-238 204-238 50% point 243-282 243-282 90% point 293-332 293-332 EP 321-366 321-366 API Gravity 32-37 32-37 D287 Total Sulfur ppmw 300-4,000 7-4,000 D2622 Aromatic Hydrocarbons (min) % (vol.) 10a 10a D5186 Flashpoint (min) ¡C 54 54 D93 Viscosity @ 38¡C mm2/s 2.0-3.2 2.0-3.2 D445 Three fuel grades: Ultra Low Sulfur (7-15 ppm); Low Sulfur (300-500 ppm); High Sulfur (2000-4000 ppm) a - Remainder shall be paraffins, naphthenes, and olefins As seen from the table, the test fuel specification covers a wide range of sulfur levels. The general position of the EPA has been that the actual sulfur content in the certification fuel should reflect the fuel quality to be used in the field. Considering the evolution of nonroad fuel quality in the US market, the EPA adopted the following regulatory provisions for sulfur content in test fuels: * S ² 2,000 ppm (0.2 %) for Tier 1-3 engines through MY 2007, * 300-500 ppm S for MY 2008-2010 engines, * 7-15 ppm S for Tier 4 engines from 2011. In addition, the following provisions apply to sulfur content in certification fuels in the transitional 2006-2010 period. These provisions are at the certifying manufacturer's option; the manufacturer must help ensure that the specified fuel is used in the field. * 300-500 ppm for some MY 2006-2007 engines at or above 100 hp, * 7-15 ppm for MY 2007-2010 engines that use sulfur-sensitive technology, * 7-15 ppm for MY 2008-2010 engines under 75 hp. ------------------------ Yahoo! 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