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The New York Times > Business > World Business >
China Emerging as U.S. Rival for Canada's Oil
By SIMON ROMERO
Published: December 23, 2004
CALGARY, Alberta, Dec. 21 - China's thirst for oil has brought it to
the doorstep of the United States.
Chinese energy companies are on the verge of striking ambitious deals
in Canada in efforts to win access to some of the most prized oil
reserves in North America.
The deals may create unease for the first time since the 1970's in
the traditionally smooth energy relationship between the United
States and Canada.
Canada, the largest source of imported oil for the United States, has
historically sent almost all its exports of oil south by pipeline to
help quench America's thirst for energy. But that arrangement may be
about to change as China, which has surpassed Japan as the
second-largest market for oil, flexes its muscle in attempts to
secure oil, even in places like the cold boreal forests of northern
Alberta, where the oil has to be sucked out of the sticky, sandy soil.
"The China outlet would change our dynamic," said Murray Smith, a
former Alberta energy minister who was appointed this month to be the
province's representative in Washington, a new position. Mr. Smith
said he estimated that Canada could eventually export as many as one
million barrels a day to China out of potential exports of more than
three million barrels a day.
"Our main link would still be with the U.S. but this would give us
multiple markets and competition for a prized resource," Mr. Smith
said. Delegations of senior executives from China's largest oil
companies have been making frequent appearances in recent weeks here
in Calgary, Canada's bustling energy capital, for talks on ventures
that would send oil extracted from the oil sands in the northern
reaches of the energy-rich province of Alberta to new ports in
western Canada and onward by tanker to China.
Chinese companies are also said to be considering direct investments
in the oil sands, by buying into existing producers or acquiring
companies with leases to produce oil in the region. In all, there are
nearly half a dozen deals in consideration, initially valued at $2
billion and potentially much more, according to senior executives at
energy companies here.
One preliminary agreement could be signed in early January. A
spokesman for the Department of Energy in Washington said officials
were monitoring the talks but declined to comment further.
China's appetite for Canadian oil derives from its own insatiable
domestic energy demand, which has sent oil imports soaring 40 percent
in the first half of this year over the period a year ago. China's
attempts to diversify its sources of oil have already led to several
foreign exploration projects in places considered on the periphery of
the global oil industry like Sudan, Peru and Syria.
In Calgary, however, the negotiations with China have focused on the
oil sands, an unconventional but increasingly important source of
energy for the United States. Higher oil prices have recently made
oil sands projects profitable, justifying the expense of the
untraditional methods of producing oil from the sands. Large-scale
mining and drilling operations are required to suck a viscous
substance called bitumen out of the soil.
"China's gone after the low-hanging fruit so far," said Gal Luft, a
Washington-based authority on energy security issues who is writing a
book on China's search for oil supplies around the world. "Now
they're entering another level of ambition, in places such as
Venezuela, Saudi Arabia and Canada that are well within the American
sphere."
Canada's oil production from the sands surpassed one million barrels
a day this year and was expected to reach three million barrels
within a decade. The bulk of output is exported to the Midwestern
United States. That flow pushed Canada ahead of Saudi Arabia, Mexico
and Venezuela this year as the largest supplier of foreign oil to the
United States, with average exports of 1.6 million barrels a day.
Even so, there is the perception among many in Alberta's oil patch
that Canada's rapidly growing energy industry remains an afterthought
for most Americans. That might change, industry analysts say, if
Canada were to start exporting oil elsewhere.
"A China agreement might serve as a wake-up call for the U.S.," said
Bob Dunbar, an independent energy consultant here who until recently
followed oil issues at the Canadian Energy Research Institute.
Executives at energy companies and investment banks in Calgary say an
agreement with the Chinese could materialize as early as next month.
Ian La Couvee, a spokesman for Enbridge, a Canadian pipeline company,
said it was in talks to offer a Chinese company a 49 percent stake in
a 720-mile pipeline planned between northern Alberta and the
northwest coast of British Columbia.
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The pipeline project, which is expected to cost at least $2 billion,
would send as much as 80 percent of its capacity of 400,000 barrels a
day to China with the remainder going to California refineries.
Sinopec, one of China's largest oil companies, was said by executives
briefed on the talks to be the likeliest Chinese company in the
project.
A rival Canadian pipeline company, Terasen, meanwhile, has held its
own talks with Sinopec and the China National Petroleum Corporation
about joining forces to increase the capacity of an existing pipeline
to Vancouver. Richard Ballantyne, president of Terasen, said it had
supplied almost a dozen tankers this year to help Chinese refineries
determine their ability to process the Alberta crude oil blends.
"There's been significant interest so far, but the way I understand
it, their refineries are still better suited to handling Middle
Eastern crude than ours," Mr. Ballantyne said. "That has to change if
they're intent on diversifying their sources of oil."
Separately, Marcel Coutu, the chief executive of the Canadian Oil
Sands Trust, a company that owns part of one of the largest oil sands
ventures in the tundralike region around the city of Fort McMurray in
northern Alberta, said he had recently met with officials from
PetroChina, one of China's several state-controlled energy concerns,
and had agreed to send it trial shipments of oil.
In an interview, Mr. Coutu described PetroChina's interest in a deal
as very serious, but he declined to say when one might materialize.
"China can become one of our capital sources, enabling us to go a bit
further afield than the New York market for our financing," Mr. Coutu
said.
Additionally, Chinese companies are also said to be considering
investments in smaller Calgary-based companies, like UTS Energy, that
have approved leasing permits for parts of the oil sands. Officials
from the Chinese companies said to be negotiating in Calgary -
PetroChina, Sinopec and CNPC - did not respond to requests for
comment.
Wilfred Gobert, vice chairman of Peters & Company, a Calgary
investment bank, said Canada's main attractions for the Chinese are
the stability of its political system and its sizable reserves.
Canada ranks behind only Saudi Arabia in established petroleum
reserves, now that its oil sands are included in international
estimates of Canadian oil resources.
Before prices rose and the United States expanded its calculation for
estimates of reserves, oil sands were often scoffed at as an
uneconomical way to produce oil. They still involve risks not
normally associated with conventional oil exploration.
Large amounts of capital are necessary to produce oil from the sands,
with companies having to acquire large shovels, trucks, specialized
drilling equipment or supplies of natural gas to make steam before
producing one barrel of oil. So, the price of oil needs to remain
elevated, at a level of $30 a barrel or so, for ventures to remain
profitable.
[Oil prices for February delivery slumped 3.3 percent, to $44.24 a
barrel, in New York on Wednesday, the biggest slide in two weeks.]
An entry into Canada would assure the Chinese of a steady flow of
oil, even if the profit margins from the activities were to pale in
comparison to what the international oil companies expect from their
investments, said Kang Wu, a fellow at the East-West Center in
Honolulu who follows China's energy industry. "For China it is
foremost about securing supply and secondly about profits," he said.
"That explains the incentive in going so far abroad."
China's growing demand for oil is responsible for much of the
increase in worldwide prices in the last year. Mr. Kang of the
East-West Center estimates that demand in China could grow from 6
million barrels a day to as much as 11.5 million barrels within a
decade. China's domestic production is expected to remain nearly
stagnant, Mr. Kang said, resulting in aggressive efforts to import
more oil from sources like Canada.
"China needs oil resources and has a big market," Qiu Xianghua, a
vice president at Sinopec, said in a speech in Toronto this month.
"Canada needs markets."
Alberta, a province of 3.1 million people, is keenly aware of the
potential for Chinese involvement even as American companies like
Exxon Mobil, Burlington Resources and Devon Energy remain prominent
in its energy industry. Ralph Klein, the premier of Alberta, traveled
to Beijing in June to drum up investment in the tar sands.
And yet officials and authorities on Canadian energy supplies are
cautious not to suggest that Canada will ever turn off the spigot to
the United States. At a time of a highly competitive market for
global oil, in fact, some analysts see greater interest in Alberta's
oil reserves as a healthy avenue for China to explore, even if it
were to push the United States to seek an even greater diversity for
its own energy needs.
"The pipeline system that connects Alberta to the U.S. isn't going to
be lifted out of the ground and put into the Pacific," said Daniel
Yergin, chairman of Cambridge Energy Research Associates. "The flows
to the U.S. will continue, but it should be expected and welcomed for
China to meet the challenge of its growing dependence on imported
oil."
Still, the prospect of dealing with China has many here pondering
relations with the United States. The last time any significant
oil-related friction arose between the nations was in the 1970's,
when Ottawa became concerned over what it perceived as too much
American control over Canadian oil, leading to greater federal
involvement in the oil industry.
"Watch the Americans have a hissy fit if a Chinese incursion
materializes," Claudia Cattaneo, a Calgary-based energy columnist for
The National Post, recently wrote. "So far, the Americans have taken
Canada's energy for granted."
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