http://www.technologyreview.com/articles/05/07/wo/wo_072605wolman.asp?
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Reaching Safe Ground
By David Wolman July 26, 2005
If a major earthquake happened in the Cascadia Subduction Zone, a
tectonic plate margin similar to the one where the devastating
earthquake and tsunami occurred last December in the Indian Ocean,
people in low-lying towns along the Pacific Northwest coast would
have an estimated 30 minutes to evacuate.
Given that dire, but realistic scenario, would it be more effective
to broadcast evacuation instructions to residents of, say, Seattle
via a fleet of cars that sound an alarm, announcements over the
radio, or reverse-911 calling with cell-phone paging?
As geoscientists and engineers throughout the world study the physics
of "killer" waves and how to design structures that might withstand
them, other researchers are focusing on an even slipperier area:
human behavior.
"Social science has to play a major role in hazard preparedness,"
says George Crawford, earthquake program manager for the state of
Washington's emergency management division.
Leading this effort at incorporating human factors into the field of
disaster mitigation is Toshitaka Katada, a professor of social
engineering at Gunma University in Japan. About six years ago, he
realized that the flood modeling programs he was working on might
also be valuable for reducing the losses from tsunamis. Today, in
association with Harry Yeh, a professor of ocean engineering at
Oregon State University (OSU), Katada is developing a model called
the Tsunami Scenario Simulation.
At its core, this simulator applies classic physical factors involved
in a tsunami: hydrodynamics, wave propagation, inundation, impact,
and destruction and debris within a geographic area.
"We have studied tsunamis theoretically and experimentally for a long
time," says another researcher in the field, civil and environmental
engineer Tomoyuki Takahashi of Akita University. "We know the
characteristics and have the governing equations."
This complex physical understanding, in part, is due to
investigations at places like OSU's wave laboratory, where
researchers run waves through a giant, concrete channel large enough
for someone to surf in (see Sources in Notebook). Scientists also
carry out mock seismic events in another, equally huge tank that
sends waves hurtling toward miniaturized coastlines.
The Tsunami Scenario Simulation takes this traditional physical-world
model -- and then overlays it with social phenomena that simulate the
movement of both information and people through time and space.
Modeling these social dynamics allows researchers to test the
efficacy of different types of warning transmissions, different
evacuation routes, the role of word-of-mouth, demographic details
about age and culture, and local information such as the location of
schools and nursing homes.
In one such simulation, a series of blue waves sweep toward land from
the side of the screen, while blinking lines indicate evacuation
routes and color-coded symbols identify people who have drowned,
major debris hazards, traffic bottlenecks, and more.
Although the tsunami simulator emphasizes communications, there's no
limit to the layers of data it can simulate. It could include
architectural designs that predict if structures will stand or be
damaged, what bridges could survive a wave impact, the importance of
the time of day, or even the likelihood that people will hear a
warning, but not heed it. Furthermore, the model incorporates not
only vehicular movements but also foot traffic.
"This is something they're really focusing on in Japan: getting
beyond dependence on automobiles for evacuation," says Crawford. In
geographically similar areas, such as the narrow, low-lying peninsula
of Long Beach, Washington, this approach would be critical, as well,
since a tsunami there would likely take out major roads and bridges.
In fact, Crawford says officials in Washington, Oregon, and northern
California stand to benefit greatly from such a social science model.
For instance, it has already helped Crawford and other planners
figure out where to locate safe "assembly areas" that evacuees could
quickly reach by foot.
"What this computer simulation does is allow us to take inundation
maps and models showing wave arrivals, combine them with information
about infrastructure, and then take into account the social science
as well," says Crawford. "Running these models gives a fairly close
prediction of whether we can evacuate our people in time and what the
collateral damage would be."
The simulations are not perfect, admits co-researcher Yeh: "We still
can't simulate flow of details like the flow of water between just a
few houses or by a certain road. We're also trying to make a
casualties model more accurate."
Further, modeling human behavior -- especially during a natural
disaster -- requires some assumptions that can limit the accuracy of
any model. "We hear from the social scientists that on 9/11, there
was spontaneous organization of evacuation across the Hudson
[River]," says Yeh. "This is remarkable because the assumption is
that people would be acting chaotically. Yet it looked as if they had
done practice drills."
In the case of a tsunami, it's possible some people will still head
to the beach out of curiosity, despite knowing about the danger. "How
can we predict this stuff? It's not simple," says Yeh. "At least
these simulations can give some quantifiable ideas about what may
happen."
Portland, Oregon-based writer David Wolman reports on a variety of
subjects, including health, energy, and oceanography.
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