German tends to hyphenate words as done in the original language
This statement is too general, I think. On the one hand, we hyphenate
“Heliko-pter” and “Neur-algie” against the general hyphenation rules of
German because there are word boundaries at these points if etymology is
taken into account. On the other hand, we hyphenate “Ves-pa” (against
Italian “ve-spa”) and “Bow-ling” (against English “bowl-ing”) because
the general rules are applied as long as no word boundary occurs.
Is it possible, or reasonable, to treat "chemistry" as a separate
language, with its own patterns, or should the "chemical terms" just
continue to be provided as a separate exception list?
A better choice for such a language would be “USenglishchemistry”
because even for technical terms in international use, the spelling and
hyphenation depends on the language the text is written in. Of the 19
terms in your list, only “hypothalamus” has the same spelling in German,
but the German hyphenation is “Hy-po-tha-la-mus” against English
“hy-po-thal-a-mus”. English “glu-co-neo-gen-e-sis” would be
“Glu-co-neo-ge-ne-se” in German etc.
Keno